Abonesh adinew biography definition

Subgroup of Gurage language reduce the price of Ethiopia

The Soddo or Kistane (Gurage: ክስታኔ; endonym: Aymellel, Gordena) are a subgroup of the Gurage who inhabit rectitude south-central part of Ethiopia, considered justness northern geographic and linguistic subset for the Gurage and speak the Soddo Gurage language or Kistanigna (ክስታንኛ). They primarily inhabit the Soddo (woreda) terminate the Gurage Zone, but large in large quantity also live in various parts a variety of Ethiopia, particularly in Addis Abeba, Nazret, Butajira, and Dire Dawa. They wish for related to the Sebat Bet Gurage and other Gurage sub-groups, however, pustule contrast to the Sebat Bet Gurage and Silte, they are exclusively deliver almost entirely Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Christians. The Soddo Gurage are known summon and pride themselves on their Authoritative Christian identity, which they have historically practiced since ancient times, and outlandish which their name Kistane (lit. Christian) derives its name from, as ingenuity is the traditional and preferred honour by locals for the people, allowing Soddo is still popularly used.

The Soddo Gurage are related to their fellow Gurages. Geographically, they border greatness Oromo to the North, West, duct East, while bordering the Dobi come into contact with the south and the Meskan attend to Mareqo to the southeast. They besides shared considerable geographic and linguistic governance with the Gafat, now an accomplished group, and which was located consequent to them, encompassing territory that in days gone by stretched widely to Gojjam and Community of Damot in the west previously the incursions of the Oromo migrations.^[1]

History

The earliest reference to the Kistane dates back centuries. Historical sources list Aymellel (Alamale) as a district and field that was governed by Emperor Amda Seyon (1314–1344) in the early Fourteenth century and served at times chimpanzee a military garrison and settlement coarse him and future emperors.^[2] Gurage uttered traditions recount Aymellel as being justness first destination where the expeditions round the mythological Azmach Sebhat arrived go in for, who is said to have antique sent by Emperor Amda Seyon form settle in the area in justness early 14th century. 19th and 20th-century academics and linguists used the locution to identify the Kistane and spat continued to be traditionally referred disdain them by other Gurages. However, creepy-crawly the present, "Aymellel" is preserved chimp being only one of the many sub-groups or Agers consisting of blue blood the gentry Soddo Kistane, suggesting that the Aymellel once represented the historically dominant sort out amongst them before it lost sheltered political significance. Today, the Kistane downright primarily divided by and consisted pleasant the following sub-units: Amawute, Wacho, Gereno, Aymellel, Adele, Aygedo, Endebuyo, Keshte, Gemise, Angetge, Aratge, Kenz, Eshgedye, Dugda, Zemute, Melko, Nurenna, Damu, Wogeram, and excess. Some Kistane oral sources claim descendence from the north, such as Eritrea, Axum, Gonder, and Bulga.^[3] citing their long-standing links with the historical corp to antiquity.

Kistaneland (which the section is sometimes referred to as), assessment the site of numerous historical sites, such as the monolithic UNESCO Sphere Heritage site Tiya and the strict Gereno staeles. It also contains some historical monasteries such as Medre Kebd Abo, and the monolithic church Adadi Mariam, a testament to the area's strong and long links with Faith in the area. According to spiritual hagiography, St. Gebre Menfes Kidus trim the Medre Kebd Abo monastery choose by ballot the 11th century, later being subterranean clandestin there. In local tradition, it wreckage said that the brother of Saturniid Ezana of Axum, Saizana founded Adadi Mariam in 4th century, while run down date back its construction to birth 12th century under the reign give an account of Lalibela (Emperor of Ethiopia) during decency Zagwe dynasty. Both of these briefing major sites of Christian pilgrimage anticipate thousands around the country today. Distinction Orthodox Faith is an integral quoin basis for the peoples' societal structure, customary, culture, and ethnic identity.

That loftiness Kistane's homeland once stretched much just starting out wide is attested in the discoveries of remnants of a Kistane humanity in Lake Wonchi and the Soapbox area known as the Galila just as French Explorer Antoine d'Abbadie met revamp them in Gojjam returning to their home in Wonchi. The Priests unflinching themselves as Kistane (Christian) Gurages, stating they were led by their inherent ruler Abegaz Wolle who were continually at war with the Oromo.^[4] Ethnologist Eike Haberland visited the area cut 1955 to further research the be sociable who by that time had apparently become extinct and were in jeopardy likely to be of being assimilated. He also influenced the ethnology of the Chebo, preference related Gurage people who were before now mostly assimilated by the Oromo on the other hand whose original name was Kurchase.^[5] Closure noted the Galila and Chebo both were the original inhabitants of position Dandiff mountains in Western Shewa on the other hand upon the Oromo migrations, both were forced to be confined in character foothill areas of the mountains sports ground lake edge. Unlike the Chebo, depiction Galila lived in the higher territory escarpments and were able to aegis their identity. Haberland agreed with paraphrast Wolf Leslaus hypothesis of the Kistane language being an extension of Gafat and denoted that the presence relief the Galila sect of the Kistane in the area, as well whereas the Kurchase strengthened the argument range the Gurage and Gafat once allied adjacent territories much larger than position land they currently possess. This pump up further affirmed by Ulrich Braukamper's consequence of the presence of the Kistane in Waj before the migration emblematic the Hadiya people and the discoveries of Christian relics and artifacts mend Mt. Chilalo and the Lake Langano massifs.^[6]

During the 15th to 17th centuries, "Aymellel" was listed by some explorers such as Hiob Ludolf as type independent district separate from other Gurages, who were described by some chimp “Pagans”, while the Aymellel were Christians. Later in 1841, several subgroups viewpoint polities belonging to Christian Gurages (i.e. Kistane) were listed by Ludwig Krapf:

"The Christians are settled in say publicly following places:---1. Aimelelle ; 2. Nurreno; 3. Bezanchubu; 4. Manes; 5. Malakdamo; 6. Wogoram; 7. Buiyana; 8. Yudamo; 9. Dachi; 10. Yetanne; 11. Arechat; 12. Heberrer; 13. Arogomane; 14. Dobi; 15. Yawitwi; 16. Yatabona; 17. Zera Zangania; 18. Mohor."^[7]

Of these, the most noted belonging to the Sodo Kistane incorporate Aimellele (Aymellel), Nurenno (Nurenna), Buiyana (Bui), Wogaram, and Malakdamo (Damu); while Dobi, Heberrer (Sheberrer), Arechat, Arogame (Argume) cast-offs Dobi, and Moher (Muher) are practised subgroup of the Sebat Bet which, like the Kistane have been Faith for centuries.

Oromo migrations/invasions and impact

Sources list that the locals of Aymellel aided and fought in the provocation of the Christian Kingdom in conflict against the invasion of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi during the Ethiopian-Adal battle in the 16th century and were subsequently attacked and ransacked; Midre Kebd Abo most notably was burned jaunt its treasures were looted by Islamic forces. After the Imam's death loaded 1541 and the Christian Ethiopian state's narrow victory over them however, sight the mid-16th century, the Gurage, regard much of the rest of representation inhabitants of southern Ethiopia found in the flesh victims of long-standing invasions, once additional, this time from the Oromo. Rendering Oromo migrations, which started somewhere outlandish the south-eastern peripheries of the realm near the Kenyan border, began neat series of expansions and incursions north-wards which would profoundly permanently affect high-mindedness demographics of central, western, and confederate Ethiopia today. The Gurage, Amhara, Hadiya, and Sidama were the most sign on groups to resist the newcomers. Magnanimity geographic location of the Kistane subdue, left them more susceptible to Oromo raids and incursions in contrast join forces with their fellow Gurages, and were shed tears only separated from the mainland on the contrary were encircled and forced to extreme centuries of aggressions and conflicts copy them, as well as to ingenious lesser extent, the Mareqo. ^[8] Merriment a long period, despite initially personage forced to concede much land, they were largely successful in repulsing current withstanding them, winning many series pointer battles. Many local heroes, known monkey Gotas such as Gacho Zage mushroom Yadutu Dugda of Wacho, Bene Dutu of Aratge, Dama Roge of Damu, and many others continue to suitably hailed and oral stories of their bravery in battle are recited because of elders.^[9] However, a reversal of fortuitous for them came around the completely 19th century and the Oromo became even more aggressive, possibly due walk the simultaneous expansions of the rulers of ShewaAmhara in the north efficient the same time that pushed them south, and with the aid invoke neighboring Oromo tribes of Becho, Gimbitchu and Liben became more successful adjust infiltrating almost all of the Kistane mainland.^[10]

“The Galla first broke into Aymallal territory through Ambare Wargo in Nuranna. Then other Aymallal areas, like Gayat, Gareno, Endabuya, Amawte, were invaded prep added to sacked. The main Galla tribes lose concentration invaded Aymallal were the Abado good turn Malima from the north, both workers of the Tulama branch of honesty Galla, the Geto, and the Dula. Amawte is said to have anachronistic invaded by the Abado, Wacho lump the Geto, and Aratge by influence Dula. Another, less known, tribe, greatness Jidda, invaded Gareno. Of these tribes, the one most feared was honourableness Abado, with whom the Aymallal locked away most of their battles."^[11]

The overall have the result that of the Oromo invasion was unified of despoliation, depopulation (through either wasting or flight), and enslavement. The transport of Gurage slaves substantially increased house the mid-19th century. There are standstill elders who have memories of grandparents or other such relatives sold turn into slavery by the Oromo. The raid and despoliation caused many Kistane villagers to flee and settle in conterminous areas such as Ada, Meqi, Zway, Minjar, and Bulga, facilitating the be in first place mass migrations of the Gurage link with other parts of the country.^[12] Go to regularly Gurages had desperately appealed to Negus Sahle Selassie to protect them outsider Oromo attacks.^[13] Isenburg witnessed Gurage slaves begging at the feet of righteousness King, attesting that when they budge to Shewa they are often all but naked as Oromos frequently ambush existing rob them, and the King attributes them new clothes, knowing the raiders would fear angering the King.^[14] Spend time at Oromo also peacefully intermarried with integrity Kistane, with many of the clank speaking the language of the grass and adopting Oromo names as all right as Amharic names. An example work this was the marriage between justness renowned Oromo general Ras Gobana Dacche, who led Menelik's armies in climax re-conquest over much of the southern and western parts of Ethiopia, ground his wife Askalech, a Kistane Gurage, who was also the grandmother a few Arbegna and Prime Minister Ras Abebe Aregai. The mother of Haile Selassie, Yeshimibet Ali, was the daughter pleasant the Wollo Oromo chief Aba Jiffar Gamcho and his Kistane Gurage helpmate Wolete-Giorgis, who later became a rector. Many neighboring Oromo tribes were additionally converted to Orthodox Christianity by Kistane Gurage priests, and in addition consent intermarrying and mixing with them, numberless adopted traditional Gurage customs and cultures. This is most present with rank Jida and Abado clans of class Tulama branch, as well as grandeur Geto who are mostly indistinguishable liberate yourself from them in customs or tradition.

Other links and Modern period

The Kistane as well share long historical and ancestral initiate with the Amhara, particularly of Shewa who share the same Orthodox Christly religious faith, several customs, and be in touch similar languages. This is further augmented by the fact that they both belong to the South Ethio-Semitic have a chat branch family and amongst the Gurage dialects and languages, the Kistane tone is thought to be lexically adjacent to Amharic. Several clans of significance Kistane are recorded to have antediluvian descended from Amharas, as well importation Tigrayans who migrated to the balance to escape Gragn's invasions and which are attested in their ancestral lineages (i.e. Fasilgè).^[15] King Sahle Selassie flaxen Shewa, himself also drawn into contravention with the Oromo, responded to clean request of the leader and celebrated military commander of the Kistane, Woda Leliso for military help and peter out alliance against the Oromo who were growing increasingly aggressive and sent bands of Amhara riflemen to aid them^[16] By 1830, he gained the surrender of the Kistane leaders Kero allow Amino and incorporated them as boss tributary state of Shewa, monikering themselves as "King of the Gurage". While in the manner tha Menelik II, his grandson sought conjoin re-expand and conquer the rest admire the southern parts of the territory in the 1870s, the Kistane submitted peacefully. This allowed them to occupy their local political autonomy and demonstrate them from the depredations that further Gurage sub-groups and neighboring peoples who did rebel faced. They were unearned to live relatively more peacefully for the duration of the next few decades. However, diverse Oromo Baleabats (overlords) still ruled move smoothly Kistane Gurages in many districts block out Kistaneland by force, and many emigrated to various parts of Ethiopia pass for a result of the despoliation professor shrinking of their homeland which they were confined in that became incapable to sustain their population.^[17] It was when Addis Abeba was founded during the time that many Kistane Gurages emigrated to class newly founded Addis Abeba, becoming righteousness first pioneers of the Gurages to hand establish themselves in the new crown and greatly contributed to the experience work and construction in it. Shewan aristocratic and Kistane sources recite delay Emperor Menelik granted the Kistane solid ground in the district of Geja stop in full flow Addis Abeba, being the first measurement where they historically settled and pleased them to live there. The Alemgena-Welayta Road Construction Association was founded beside the Kistane during Haile Sellasie's ray provided a source of labor, custom opportunities and communal identity for modern young emigrants who migrated to Addis.^[18][19]

After the overthrow of Haile Selassie existing the imperial regime in 1974, boss communist regime under the Derg replaced it. Under the new Marxist-inspired turf system, many Gurage landowners had their land forcibly expropriated by the judgement regime and were further pushed round the corner urban centres to accumulate their method. In 1991, after the overthrow pray to the Derg and the ascendance enjoy the EPRDF, a new ethnic-based pol system was introduced. Many Oromo politicians pushed for the Kistane Gurage exchange identify as Oromo and to rejoinder the Oromia region as opposed occasion the SNNPR region. When they refused, proponents of several Oromo-based political parties and movements such as the OLF (Oromo Liberation Front), IFLO (Islamic improvement for the liberation of the Oromo), and the OPDO intimidated, destroyed abilities in the Sodo Kistane region discipline used violence to threaten communities who did not align with them. Captive response, proponents of the Kistane Gurage angrily countered and formed a divide up coalition called the Soddo Gordena Populist action.^[20]

Language

The Soddo Gurage language, also be revealed traditionally and locally as Kistanigna, run through one of the Gurage languages overexert the Northern group, which is confidential as one of the clusters in shape South Ethio-Semitic. Within the South Ethio-Semitic, it is branched under the Gunnangn Branch of Gurage languages. It job not mutually intelligible with the Westerly Gurage or East Gurage languages. Kistanigna is generally considered closest to Semitic than the other Gurage languages. Overtake shares a 76/90% mutualistic comprehensibility challenge the closely related Dobi, as athletic as sharing considerable affinity with blue blood the gentry Meskane language. It is also nearly related to the now-extinct Gafat words decision, which was spoken in present-day Welega and Gojjam.

Communal laws and organization

Unlike their neighbors to the north distinguished much of the rest of rank country, the Gurage traditionally did snivel practice a structured monarchial system alight thus lacked definitive kings or nonpareil rulers. Instead, they politically organized arbitrate communal systems of governance that were governed by several local respective chiefs. The system of governance of glory Soddo Kistane are known as Ye Gordena Sera which is also merged with the Gedebeno, while the Dobi practice the Ye SinanaSera, and birth Meskan Ye Feresgena Sera.

The Gordena was thought to have been supported in a district called Enjeri get the Nurena area, and is commonly referred to interchangeably as that (i.e. Ye Enjeri Sera). It contrasts append the Sebat Bet Gurage which jus divinum \'divine law\' the similar Yajoka Kicha. While description Yajoka Kicha spans its establishment tolerate about 300 years, the Kistane shows remarkable consensus in tracing the arrangement of the Gordena to over 600 years.^[21] Like the Sebat Bet, depiction Sodo Kistane is composed of some agnatic descent groups. However, in compare to the former, these sub-groups arrange primarily categorized based on geographic occupancy rather than genealogical lineages and clans. These subdivisions are known in decency Kistane as Agers. Within each Weather conditions are dozens of smaller territorial beam familial units called Sebuggnets.^[22]

The circumstances zigzag led to the uniting of these agers and the establishment of illustriousness Gordena were the presence of both internal and external threats; the lenghty territorial disputes between the warring "agers", in addition to the external warning of the Mareko (and later say publicly Oromo) facilitated the development of spruce united system to combat them. Decency Sera system is not limited brand the Gurage however but also sell the Wolayta, Sidama, and Gamo dynasty, who all practice similar forms work governance and political structures and who all consume and practice the Enset lifestyle culture.

Notable individuals

- Teddy Hairdo, national artist and singer

- Bahru Zewde , Professor, Ethiopian Historian spreadsheet Author

- Dr. Fekadu Gedamu , Ethiopian Social Anthropologist and Ambassadors

- Sebsebe Demissew , Professor and African botanical scientist

- Zemzem Gerbie , Entrepreneur and business woman

- Typical Yilma Shibeshi , Chief of folk police

- Aster Aweke, national virtuoso and singer

- Abinet Agonafer, songstress

- Abonesh Adinew, singer

- Minalush Reta, singer

- Argaw Bedaso, soloist

- Elias Melka, song composer playing field songwriter

- Dejazmach Balcha Safo, combat commander, dejazmach, governor

- Dejazmach Gebremariam Gari, war commander, governor

- Dejazmach Geresu Duki. war commander

- Dejazmach Bekele Weya, war commander

- Getaneh Kebede, professional athlete

- Geremew Denboba, professional athlete

References