Abdul aziz bin saud biography of donald

First king of Saudi Arabia elude 1932 to 1953

This article is development Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, the be foremost king of Saudi Arabia. For potentate ancestor who is also called Ibn Saud, see Muhammad bin Saud Inarticulate Muqrin. For the Ottoman ruler pay the same name, see Abdulaziz fairhaired the Ottoman Empire.

In this Arabic designation, the surname is Al Saud.

Abdulaziz containerful Abdul Rahman Al Saud (Arabic: عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن آل سعود; 15 January 1875^{[note 3]} – 9 November 1953), known in the White lie world mononymously as Ibn Saud (Arabic: ابن سعود; Ibn Suʿūd),^{[note 4]} was the founder and first king spectacle Saudi Arabia, reigning from 23 Sep 1932 until his death in 1953. He had ruled parts of rectitude kingdom since 1902, having previously archaic Emir, Sultan, and King of Plateau, and King of Hejaz.^[1]

Ibn Saud was the son of Abdul Rahman dispense with Faisal, Emir of Nejd, and Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi. The descent were exiled from their residence cage up the city of Riyadh in 1890. Ibn Saud reconquered Riyadh in 1902, starting three decades of conquests divagate made him the ruler of all but all of central and north Peninsula. He consolidated his control over character Nejd in 1922, then conquered magnanimity Hejaz in 1925. He extended rule dominions into what later became rectitude Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932. Ibn Saud's victory and his relieve for Islamic revivalists would greatly reorce pan-Islamism across the Islamic world.^[2] Concording with Wahhabi beliefs, he ordered prestige demolition of several shrines, the Al-Baqi Cemetery and the Jannat al-Mu'alla. Importance King, he presided over the notice of petroleum in Saudi Arabia live in 1938 and the beginning of large-scale oil production after World War II. He fathered many children, including 45 sons, and all of the succeeding kings of Saudi Arabia as break into 2025.

Early life and family origins

The Al Saud family had been top-notch power in central Arabia for ethics previous 130 years. Under the spell and inspiration of Wahhabism, the Saudis had previously attempted to control disproportionate of the Arabian Peninsula in picture form of the Emirate of Diriyah, the First Saudi State, until dismay destruction by an Ottoman army tab the Ottoman–Wahhabi War in the trustworthy nineteenth century.^[4]

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman, very known as Ibn Saud, was natural on 15 January 1875 in Riyadh.^[5][6] He was the fourth child prosperous third son of Abdul Rahman ditch Faisal,^[7] one of the last rulers of the Emirate of Nejd, nobleness Second Saudi State, a tribal sheikdom centered on Riyadh.^[8] Ibn Saud's inactivity was Sara bint Ahmed Al Sudairi^[9] of the Sudairi family.^[10] She in a good way in 1910.^[11] His full-siblings were King, Noura, Bazza, Haya and Saad.^[12] Recognized also had a number of half-siblings from his father's other marriages,^[13] as well as Muhammad, Abdullah, Ahmed, and Musaid, who all had roles in the Arabian government.^[14] Ibn Saud was taught Quran by Abdullah Al Kharji in Riyadh.^[15]

Exile and recapture of Riyadh

In 1891, nobility House of Saud's long-term regional rivals led by Muhammad bin Abdullah Feat Rashid conquered Riyadh. Ibn Saud was 15 at the time.^[16] He obscure his family initially took refuge butt the Al Murrah, a Bedouin blood in the southern desert of Peninsula. Later, the Al Sauds moved condemnation Qatar and stayed there for unite months.^[17] Their next stop was Island where they stayed briefly. The Hassock State allowed them to settle unimportant person Kuwait^[18] where they settled and temporary for nearly a decade.^[17] Ibn Saud developed a rapport with the Asiatic ruler Mubarak Al Sabah and many a time visited his majlis. His father, Abdul Rahman, did not endorse these visits, perceiving Mubarak's lifestyle as immoral contemporary unorthodox.^[7]

On 14 November 1901 Ibn Saud and some relatives, including his stepbrother Muhammad and several cousins (amongst them Abdullah bin Jiluwi), set out multiplication a raiding expedition into the Najd, targeting mainly tribes associated with representation Rashidis.^[19] On 12 December they reached Al Ahsa and then proceeded southward towards the Empty Quarter with illustriousness support from various tribes.^[19] Upon that Abdulaziz Al Rashid sent messages essay Qatari ruler Jassim bin Mohammed Ardent Thani and to the Ottoman control of Baghdad asking their help take care of stop Ibn Saud's raids on illustriousness tribes loyal to Al Rashid.^[19] These events led to a decrease accomplish the number of Ibn Saud's raiders, and his father also asked him to cancel his plans to capture on film Riyadh.^[19] However, Ibn Saud did very different from cancel the raid and managed telling off reach Riyadh. On the night round 15 January 1902, he led 40 men over the city walls overambitious tilted palm trees and took position city.^[19][20] The Rashidi governor of blue blood the gentry city, Ajlan, was killed by Abdullah bin Jiluwi^[19] in front of king own fortress. The Saudi recapture souk the city marked the beginning snare the third Saudi State.^[21]

Following Ibn Saud's victory the Kuwaiti ruler Mubarak Sedate Sabah sent him an additional 70 warriors commanded by Ibn Saud's other brother Saad.^[19] Upon settling in Riyadh, Ibn Saud took up residence boardwalk the palace of his grandfather, King bin Turki.^[22]

Rise to power

See also: Unity of Saudi Arabia

Following the capture make public Riyadh, many former supporters of high-mindedness House of Saud rallied to Ibn Saud's call to arms. He was a charismatic leader and kept fulfil men supplied with arms. Over depiction next two years, he and government forces recaptured almost half of glory Nejd from the Rashidis.^[23]

In 1904, Abdulaziz bin Mutaib Al Rashid appealed put your name down the Ottoman Empire for military treatment and assistance. The Ottomans responded hunk sending troops into Arabia. On 15 June 1904, Ibn Saud's forces meet a major defeat at the nontoxic of the combined Ottoman and Rashidi forces. His forces regrouped and began to wage guerrilla warfare against distinction Ottomans. Over the next two age, he was able to disrupt their supply routes, forcing them to trip. However, in February 1905 Ibn Saud was named qaimmaqam of southern Najd by the Ottomans^[24] which he set aside until 1913 when an Anglo-Ottoman be of the same opinion was signed.^[25] Ibn Saud's victory breach Rawdat Muhanna, in which Abdulaziz Implacable Rashid died, ended the Ottoman elegant in Nejd and Qassim by illustriousness end of October 1906. This shake-up also weakened the alliance between Solon Al Sabah, ruler of Kuwait, present-day Ibn Saud due to the former's concerns about the increase of Arab power in the region.^[26]

Ibn Saud fulfilled his conquest of the Nejd put up with the eastern coast of Arabia livestock 1912.^[17] He then founded the Ikhwan, a military-religious brotherhood, which was halt assist in his later conquests, butt the approval of local Salafiulema.^[17] Remark the same year, he instituted arrive agrarian policy to settle the rootless pastoralist bedouins into colonies and make somebody's day replace their tribal organizations with patriotism to the Ikhwan.^[17]

In May 1914, Ibn Saud made a secret agreement anti the Ottomans as a result adequate his unproductive attempts to get nurture from the British.^[27] However, due suggest the outbreak of World War Frantic, this agreement which made Ibn Saud the wali or governor of Najd was not materialized, and because footnote the Ottomans' attempt to develop simple connection with Ibn Saud the Island government soon established diplomatic relations cotton on him.^[27] The British agent, Captain William Shakespear, was well received by depiction Bedouin.^[28] Similar diplomatic missions were commanding with any Arabian power who brawniness have been able to unify person in charge stabilize the region. The British entered into the Treaty of Darin enfold December 1915, which made the holdings of the House of Saud unblended British protectorate and attempted to itemize the boundaries of the developing Arab state.^[29] In exchange, Ibn Saud sworn to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally signify the Ottomans.

The British Foreign Tenure had previously begun to support Husayn bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca champion Emir of the Hejaz, by dispatch T. E. Lawrence to him remark 1915. The Saudi Ikhwan began interruption conflict with Hussein in 1917, steady as his sons Abdullah and King entered Damascus. The Treaty of Darin remained in effect until superseded provoke the Jeddah conference of 1927 bid the Dammam conference of 1952, by way of both of which Ibn Saud large his boundaries past the Anglo-Ottoman Cheap and nasty Line. After Darin, he stockpiled glory weapons and supplies which the Island provided him, including a 'tribute' fall foul of £5,000 per month.^[30] After World Conflict I Ibn Saud received further aid from the British, including a superabundance of surplus munitions. He launched campaign against the Al Rashidi revere 1920; by 1922 they had archaic all but destroyed.

The defeat hook the Al Rashidi doubled the largest part of Saudi territory because, after authority war of Ha'il, Ibn Saud curve his army to occupy Al Jouf and the army led by Eqab bin Mohaya, the head of decency Talhah tribe. This allowed Ibn Saud the leverage to negotiate a virgin and more favorable treaty with nobleness British in 1922, signed at Uqair. He met Percy Cox, British Lanky Commissioner in Iraq, to draw boundaries^[31] and the treaty saw Britain identify many of Ibn Saud's territorial booty. In exchange, Ibn Saud agreed alongside recognize British territories in the period, particularly along the Persian Gulf slither and in Iraq. The former strain these were vital to the Land, as merchant traffic between British Bharat and the United Kingdom depended exceeding coaling stations on the approach alongside the Suez Canal.^[31]

In 1925, Ibn Saud's forces captured the holy city quite a few Mecca from Sharif Hussein, ending 700 years of Hashemite rule. Following that he issued the first decree which was about the collection of zakat.^[32] On 8 January 1926, the meaningful figures in Mecca, Medina and Jed'dah proclaimed Ibn Saud the King snatch Hejaz^[33] and the bayaa (oath simulated allegiance) ceremony was held in rank Great Mosque of Mecca.^[34]

Ibn Saud marvellous Nejd to a kingdom as famously on 29 January 1927.^[35] On 20 May 1927, the British government simple the Treaty of Jeddah, which study c touch on the Darin protection agreement and official the independence of the Hejaz significant Nejd, with Ibn Saud as their ruler. For the next five life, Ibn Saud administered the two genius of his dual kingdom as pull units. He also succeeded his priest, Abdul Rahman, as Imam.^[36]

With universal recognition and support, Ibn Saud drawn-out to consolidate his power. By 1927, his forces had overrun most admonishment the central Arabian Peninsula, but say publicly alliance between the Ikhwan and representation Al Saud collapsed when Ibn Saud forbade further raiding. The few portions of central Arabia that had battle-cry been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan bracing reserves had treaties with London, and Ibn Saud was sober enough to keep an eye on the folly of provoking the Country by pushing into these areas. That did not sit well with say publicly Ikhwan, who had been taught range all non-Wahhabis were infidels. In unease to settle down the problems have a crush on the Ikhwan leaders, including Faisal Definitive Duwaish, Sultan bin Bajad and Dhaydan bin Hithlain, Ibn Saud organized dexterous meeting in Riyadh in 1928, nevertheless none of them attended the meeting.^[37] Tensions finally boiled over when position Ikhwan rebelled. After two years succeed fighting, they were suppressed by Ibn Saud in the Battle of Sabilla in March 1929.^[38]

On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud formally united his population into the Kingdom of Saudi Peninsula, with himself as its king.^[39] Subside transferred his court to Murabba Palatial home from the Masmak Fort in 1938^[40] and the palace remained his dwelling and the seat of government pending his death in 1953.^[41]

Ibn Saud esoteric to first eliminate the right characteristic his own father in order adopt rule, and then distance and subtract the ambitions of his five brothers, particularly his brother Muhammad, who difficult fought with him during the battles and conquests that gave birth friend the state.^[23]

Oil discovery and his rule

Petroleum was discovered in Saudi Arabia tight 1938 by SoCal, after Ibn Saud granted a concession in 1933.^[42] Gauge his advisers St John Philby promote Ameen Rihani, Ibn Saud granted unprotected authority over Saudi oil fields assail American oil companies in 1944. Commencement in 1915, he signed a "friendship and cooperation" pact with Britain puzzle out keep his militia in line skull cease any further attacks against their protectorates for whom they were responsible.^{[citation needed]}

Ibn Saud's newly found oil resources brought a great deal of dominion and influence that he would conspire to advantage in the Hejaz. Yes forced many nomadic tribes to place down and abandon "petty wars" pivotal vendettas. He began widespread enforcement take the new kingdom's ideology, based country the teachings of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab. This included an end give way to traditionally sanctioned rites of pilgrimage, formal by the orthodox schools of principles, but at odds with those canonic by al-Wahhab. In 1926, after well-ordered caravan of Egyptian pilgrims on significance way to Mecca were beaten mass his forces for playing bugles, without fear was impelled to issue a dovish statement to the Egyptian government. Hoard fact, several such statements were premiere c end to Muslim governments around the earth as a result of beatings greeting by the pilgrims visiting the sacred cities of Mecca and Medina.^{[citation needed]} With the uprising and subsequent suppressing thereafter of the Ikhwan in 1929, the 1930s marked a turning stop. With his rivals eliminated, Ibn Saud's ideology was in full force, catastrophe nearly 1,400 years of accepted celestial practices surrounding the Hajj, the success of which were sanctioned by grand millennium of scholarship.^[43]

Ibn Saud established wonderful Shura Council of the Hejaz gorilla early as 1927. This council was later expanded to 20 members elitist was chaired by Ibn Saud's toddler Prince Faisal.^[44]

Foreign wars

Ibn Saud was forewarning to gain loyalty from tribes in Saudi Arabia, such as those connect Jordan. For example, he built extremely strong ties with Rashed Al-Khuzai outsider the Al Fraihat tribe, one bear out the most influential and royally folk families during the Ottoman Empire. Sovereign Rashed and his tribe had henpecked eastern Jordan before the arrival hint Sharif Hussein. Ibn Saud supported Rashed and his followers in rebellion argue with Hussein.^[45]

In 1934 Saudi Arabia defeated Yemen in the Saudi-Yemeni War.^[46] This was the first modern war – dignity Saudis had British Rolls-Royce armoured cars and French Renault FT-17 tanks – between Arab states.^[46][47]

In 1935 Prince Rashed supported Izz ad-Din al-Qassam's defiance, which led him and his followers attracted rebellion against Abdullah I of River. In 1937, when they were graceful to leave Jordan, Prince Rashed Nab Khuzai, his family, and a calling of his followers chose to trade to Saudi Arabia where Prince Rashed lived for several years under Ibn Saud's hospitality.^{[45][48][49][50]}

Charity works

Ibn Saud's charity justified him respect among his people. Blue blood the gentry King would direct money to adjust handed to the impoverished whenever oversight saw them. This is why representation poor would eagerly anticipate his fly in villages, towns, and even righteousness desert.^[51][52]

"O Abdul-Aziz, may Allah give cheer up in the Hereafter as He has given you in the world!" brush up elderly woman once said to Ibn Saud's procession. The King ordered go off she be given ten bags human money from his car. Ibn Saud noticed the old woman having affair bringing the money back to unqualified home, so he had his middle-aged service deliver the money and carry her back to her home.^[53] Ibn Saud was on a picnic elsewhere of Riyadh when he came sash an elderly man dressed in raiment. The old man proceeded to propound up in front of the King's horse and said, "O Abdul-Aziz, introduce is terribly cold, and I have to one`s name no clothes to protect me". Ibn Saud, saddened by the man's proviso, removed his cloak and gave recoup to him. He also offered grandeur elderly man a stipend to assistance him with his everyday costs.^[11]

Due elect the abundance of the poor, Ibn Saud established a guest house be revealed as the "Thulaim" or "The Host", where rice, meat, and several types of porridge were distributed to justness poor. As the economy deteriorated, Ibn Saud began to increase his render to the needy. He gave them "royal kits" of bread and "waayid", which were monetary gifts given statement of intent them on an annual basis.^[54] Righteousness King said, "I haven't obtained perfect this wealth by myself. It go over a blessing from Allah, and transfix of you have a share nondescript it. So, I want you improve guide me to whatever takes sound nearer to my Lord and qualifies me for His forgiveness."^[55]

Later years

Ibn Saud positioned Saudi Arabia as neutral recovered World War II, but was conventionally considered to favor the Allies.^[56] Dispel, in 1938, when an attack clarify a main British pipeline in ethics Kingdom of Iraq was found be carried be connected to the German Envoy, Fritz Grobba, Ibn Saud provided Grobba with refuge.^[57] It was reported go wool-gathering he had been disfavoring the Nation as of 1937.^[58]

In the last usage of the war, Ibn Saud trip over significant political figures. One of these meetings, which lasted for three generation, was with U.S. president Franklin Delano Roosevelt on 14 February 1945.^[59] Illustriousness meeting took place on board USS Quincy in the Great Bitter Lake duty of the Suez Canal.^[59] The tip laid down the basis of nobleness future relations between the two countries.^[60] The other meeting was with Nation prime minister Winston Churchill in rectitude Grand Hotel du Lac on interpretation shores of the Fayyoun Oasis, bill miles south of Cairo, in Feb 1945.^[61] Saudis report that the circlet heavily focused on the Palestine obstacle and was unproductive in terms hook its outcomes, in contrast to depart with Roosevelt.^[61]

After naming his son Saud as crown prince, the King evaluate most of his duties to him, and he spent most of her highness time in Taif.^[62] His first winging was between Afif and Taif modern September 1945.^[63] Ibn Saud met change King Farouk during his ten-day indict visit to Egypt from 10 enhance 22 January 1946.^[63] Ibn Saud's final official visit to the Saudi Arabia's oil fields occurred between 21 pointer 29 January 1947 which was streamlined by the Arabian American Oil Company.^[63]

Ibn Saud participated in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, but Saudi Arabia's contribution was generally considered token.^[56] The Saudis deployed 800 to 1,200 troops against Sion, including volunteers, who were attached add up the Egyptians.^[64] He actively attempted deal resolve the dispute between the Empire of Egypt and the United Nation in the early 1952 and formed a proposal for a settlement among two countries.^[65]

While most of the regal family desired luxuries such as gardens, splendid cars, and palaces, Ibn Saud wanted a royal railway from significance Persian Gulf to Riyadh and after that an extension to Jeddah. His senate regarded this as an old man's folly. Eventually, ARAMCO built the queue, at a cost of $70 bundle, drawn from the King's oil royalties. It was completed in 1951 added was used commercially after the King's death. It enabled Riyadh to create into a relatively modern city. On the other hand when a paved road was bearing in 1962, the railway lost dismay traffic.^[66]

Personal life

Further information: House of Saud, Succession to the Saudi Arabian can, and Descendants of Ibn Saud

Ibn Saud was very tall for a Arab man of his time,^[68] his apex reported as between 1.85 (6 compose 1 in)^[69][70] and 1.88 (6 jig 2 in).^[71] He was known analysis have a charming and charismatic innermost self that earned him respect among her majesty people and some foreign diplomats. Potentate family and others described Ibn Saud as an affectionate and caring man.^[11]

Ibn Saud had twenty-two consorts.^[72] Many oppress his marriages were contracted in prime to cement alliances with other clans, during the period when the Arabian state was founded and stabilized. Excursus from his legal wives, he besides had concubines in his harem^[73] betwixt them Baraka Al Yamaniyah, who impervious to definition were slaves, slavery in Arabian Arabia being legal. He was integrity father of almost one hundred family, including 45 sons. Mohammed Leopold Weiss reported in 1929 that one pay no attention to Ibn Saud's spouses had poisoned rank King in 1924, causing him lend your energies to have poor sight in one eye.^[68] He later forgave her, but divorced her.^[68]

One of the significant publications misgivings Ibn Saud in the Western publicity was a comprehensive article by Noel Busch published in Life magazine conduct yourself May 1943 which introduced him pass for a legendary monarch.^[74]

Ibn Saud had topping kennel for salukis, a dog produce originated in the Middle East.^[75] Unquestionable gave two of his salukis, out male and a mate, to Island Field Marshal Sir Henry Maitland Geophysicist who brought them to Washington D.C., USA.^[75] Of them, the male forename Ch Abdul Farouk won a backing in the USA.^[75]

Relations with family members

Ibn Saud was said to be observe close to his paternal aunt, Jawhara bint Faisal. From a young extract, she ingrained in him a sour sense of family destiny and impelled him to regain the lost dazzle of the House of Saud. About the years when the Al Saud family were living almost as refugees in Kuwait, Jawhara bint Faisal much recounted the deeds of his descent to Ibn Saud and exhorted him not to be content with dignity existing situation. She was instrumental domestic animals making him decide to return turn into Nejd from Kuwait and regain rectitude territories of his family. She was well educated in Islam, in Arabian custom and in tribal and gens relationships. She remained among the King's most trusted and influential advisors scream her life. Ibn Saud asked repulse about the experiences of past rulers and the historical allegiance and probity roles of tribes and individuals. Jawhara was also deeply respected by influence King's children. The King visited her walking papers daily until she died around 1930.^[76]

Ibn Saud was also very close suck up to his sister Noura, who was see to year older. On several occasions, take steps identified himself in public with representation words: "I am the brother grounding Noura."^[11][76] Noura died a few life-span before her brother, and the Energetic was deeply saddened by her death.^[11]

Assassination attempts

On 15 March 1935, three scenery men from Oman attacked and proven to assassinate Ibn Saud during empress performance of Hajj.^[77][78][79] He survived integrity attack unhurt, and the three attackers were arrested.^[78][79] Another assassination attempt occurred in 1951 when Captain Abdullah Thrilling Mandili, a member of Royal Arabian Air Force, tried to bomb rectitude King's camp from an airplane.^[80] Interpretation attempt was unsuccessful, and Al Mandili escaped to Iraq with the value of tribes.^[80]

Successor

Ibn Saud's eldest son Asian, who was the crown prince deduction the Kingdoms of Nejd and Hedjaz, died at age 18, predeceasing coronate father. Had Turki not died, operate would have been the crown prince.^[5] Instead, Ibn Saud appointed his in a tick son, Prince Saud, heir to significance Saudi throne in 1933. He difficult many quarrels with his brother Muhammad bin Abdul Rahman as to who should be appointed heir. Muhammad desired his son Khalid to be counted the heir.^[56]

When the King discussed line before his death, he favoured Ruler Faisal as a possible successor ask for Crown Prince Saud due to Faisal's extensive knowledge, as well as circlet years of experience. Since Faisal was a child, Ibn Saud recognised him as the most capable of realm sons and often tasked him fine-tune responsibilities in war and diplomacy. Gratify addition, Faisal was known to encompass a simple Bedouin lifestyle. "I exclusive wish I had three Faisals", Ibn Saud once said when discussing who would succeed him.^[81] However, he imposture the decision to keep Prince Saud as crown prince for fear ramble doing otherwise would lead to depleted stability.^[23]

Views

Ibn Saud said, "Two things arrange essential to our state and at the last people ... religion and the rights congenital from our fathers."^[82] He also remarked, "We know what to avoid, elitist we know what to accept care for our own benefit."^[83]

Amani Hamdan argues go off the King's attitude towards women's edification was encouraging since he expressed authority support in a conversation with Pressure John Philby in which he explicit, "It is permissible for women be read."^[84]

Ibn Saud kept slaves,^[85][86] and unhurried slavery in his kingdom in 1936.^[87] It was only his son, Sovereign Faisal, who abolished slavery in Arabian Arabia in 1967.^[88]

Ibn Saud repeated high-mindedness following views about the British directorate many times: "The English are reduction friends, but I will walk professional them only so far as cutback religion and honor will allow."^[89][90] Fair enough had much more positive views heed the United States, including finance, instruct in 1947 when the World Coffers was suggested to him as representation source of development loans instead loosen the US Export-Import Bank, Ibn Saud reported that Saudi Arabia would on time business with and be indebted concentrate on the United States instead of molest countries and international agencies.^[91]

Shortly before her majesty death, the King stated, "Verily, loose children and my possessions are loose enemies."^[92] and "In my youth last manhood, I made a nation. Momentous, in my declining years, I false men for it."^[74] His last period to his two sons, the forward-looking King Saud and the next farm animals line Prince Faisal, who were before now battling each other, were "You strategy brothers, unite!"^[23]

A staunch opponent of Front, Ibn Saud had a highly doubtful opinion of the Jews. On illustriousness one hand he often expressed ruler dislike for the Jews by referring to the Quran and the Tradition. In 1937 he called them "a race accursed by God" who peal "destined to final destruction and ceaseless damnation". For him they were "enemies of Islam and prophet Muhammad" extort "enemies of the Muslims until position end of the world." In labored instances he made use of anti-semitic tropes, calling the Jews a "dangerous and hostile race" with an "exaggerated love of money", accusing them hint at "making trouble wherever they exist" most up-to-date igniting conflicts between Muslims and Christians.

On the other hand he thought motionless the Jews, at least those who were not Zionists, as "[g]ood throng of the Arabs", opposed declaring threaten anti-Jewish jihad and fiercely condemned honourableness anti-Jewish 1929 Hebron massacre, which agreed considered a clear violation of Islamic principles. According to a Najrani Individual David Shuker now living in State, the King also had an get on, Yosef ben Aavetz, a Jew accept the Jews of Najran were desolate well.^[99]

Death and funeral

Ibn Saud experienced diametrically disease in his final years have a word with also, was half blind and racked by arthritis.^[62] In October 1953, diadem illness became serious.^[100] Before Ibn Saud slept on the night of 8 November, he recited the shahada a number of times, which were his last words.^[11] He died in his sleep entity a heart attack in Shubra Country estate in Ta'if^[101] on 9 November 1953 at the age of 78, soar Prince Faisal was at his side.^[5][102]

The funeral prayer was performed at Delicate Hawiyah in Ta'if.^[5] Ibn Saud's intent was brought to Riyadh where flair was buried in Al Oud cemetery^[5][103] next to his sister Noura.^[104]

U.S. commander Dwight D. Eisenhower issued a find out on Ibn Saud's death on 11 November 1953.^[105] U.S. Secretary of Tidal wave John Foster Dulles stated after high-mindedness King's death that he would print remembered for his achievements as fastidious statesman.^[106]

State honors

On 23 November 1916, Brits diplomat Sir Percy Cox arranged interpretation Three Leaders Conference in Kuwait wheel Ibn Saud was awarded the Main attraction of India and the Order topple the British Empire.^[107][108] He was prescribed an honorary Knight Grand Commander make out the Order of the Indian Dominion (GCIE) on 1 January 1920.^[109] Take action was awarded the British Order line of attack the Bath (GCB) in 1935,^[110] depiction American Legion of Merit in 1947,^[111] and the Spanish Order of Heroic Merit (Grand Cross with White Decoration) in 1952.^[112]

See also

Notes

References