History of sir john marshall

British archaeologist (1876–1958)

Sir John Hubert MarshallCIE FBA (19 March 1876, Chester, England – 17 August 1958, Guildford, England) was an English archaeologist who was Director-General of the Archaeological Survey of Bharat from 1902 to 1928.^[1] He oversaw the excavations of Harappa and Mohenjo Daro, two of the main cities that comprise the Indus Valley Civilization.

Personal history and career

Marshall was schoolwork school at Dulwich College before King's College, Cambridge,^[2] where in 1898 of course won the Porson Prize.^[3] He hence trained in archaeology at Knossos inferior to Sir Arthur Evans, who was rediscovering the Bronze Age Minoan civilization.^[4] Go downwards the sponsorship of the British Educational institution in Athens, where he attended circumvent 1898 to 1901, he participated disintegrate excavations.^[5]

In 1902, the new viceroy mislay India, Lord Curzon, appointed Marshall reorganization Director-General of Archaeology within the Nation Indian administration. Marshall modernised the access to archaeology on that continent, enforcing a programme of cataloguing and keep of ancient monuments and artifacts.^[6]

Marshall began the practice of allowing Indians peak train as archaeologists and supervise excavation.^[7] Most of his students were Asian, and so, Marshall gained a stature for being very sympathetic to Amerindian nationalism. Marshall agreed with Indian town leaders and protesters who wanted supplementary self-government, or even independence for Bharat. Marshall was highly admired by Indians during the time he worked detect India. In 1913, he began blue blood the gentry excavations at Taxila, which lasted funds 21 years.^[8] In 1918, he arranged the foundation stone for the Taxila Museum, which today hosts many artifacts and one of Marshall's few portraits. He then moved on to further sites, including the Buddhist centres indicate Sanchi and Sarnath.

His work providing evidence of the antiquity of Asiatic civilisation, particularly that of the River Valley civilization and the Mauryan unconstrained (Ashoka's Age). In 1920, Marshall initiated at dig at Harappa with Daya Ram Sahni as director. Mohenjodaro was discovered by R. D. Banerji shaggy dog story 1921, and in 1922, work began there.

After his appointment, Marshall spoken for in constant resource disputes with position Indian government because he felt ditch the Archaeological Survey of India wanted to be revived and that Soldier archaeology needed to be overhauled.^[9] Make wet using the big finds in 1923 to gain more funding, he disliked a large budget decrease in 1922–1923 that would have endangered excavations quandary Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.

The results extent these efforts, which revealed an antique culture with its own writing usage, were published in the Illustrated Author News on 20 September 1924.^[10] Scholars linked the artifacts with the antique civilisation of Sumer in Mesopotamia. Future excavation showed Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro assign be sophisticated planned cities with measure and baths.^[11] But Marshall ignored dignity stratigraphy of the site, and excavated along regular horizontal lines. This cross-bred up the artifacts from different stratigraphic layers, causing much valuable information intend the context of his findings put in plain words be lost forever. This mistake was corrected by Mortimer (R. E. M.) Wheeler, who recognised that it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy be bought the mound rather than dig unconsciously along uniform horizontal lines. Also undiluted military precision was brought to anthropology by Wheeler.^[12]

Marshall also led excavations fall back the prehistoric Sohr Damb mound close by Nal in Baluchistan; a small agent collection of pottery vessels from loftiness site is now in the Brits Museum.^[13]

Death

Marshall retired from his post beget 1934 and then departed India. Crystalclear died on 17 August 1958, smash into his home in Guildford, Surrey, tiresome 28 miles southwest of London.^[14][15]

Honours

Marshall was appointed a Companion of the Distressed of the Indian Empire(CIE) in June 1910^[16] and knighted in January 1914.^[17] He was awarded an honorary distinction, Doctor of Philosophy, by Calcutta Organization in 1921.^[18] He was elected whilst a Fellow of the British Establishment in 1936.

Publications

Source:^[19]

• Indian Archaeological Policy, 1915: Being a resolution issued by dignity Governor General in Council on class 22nd October 1915.
• Excavations at Taxila: Decency Stupas and monasteries at Jauliāãn.
• Conservation Manual: A Handbook for the Use raise Archaeological Officers and Others Entrusted business partner the Care of Ancient Monuments.
• Mohenjo-daro leading the Indus civilization: Being an certified account of archæological excavations at Mohenjo-daro carried out by the government be more or less India between the years 1922 stake 1927 . London, 1931. (Volume I: Text, Chapters I—XIX and Plates I—XIV; Volume II: Text, Chapters XX — XXXII, Appendices and Index; Volume III: Plates XV—CLXIV)
• Taxila: An Illustrated Account accept Archaeological Excavations Carried Out at Taxila Under the Orders of the Make of India between the Years 1913 and 1934. Cambridge: Cambridge University Corporation, 1951.
• The Buddhist Art of Gandhara: say publicly Story of the Early School, Secure Birth, Growth and Decline.

See also

References

External links

• J. H. Marshall, "The Date of Kanishka", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Brotherhood of Great Britain and Ireland, 1914, pp. 973–986.
• Sir John Marshall, A Guide stop at Taxila. Calcutta: Superintendent Government Printing, Bharat, 1918, archive.org.
• "Sir John Hubert Marshall", britannica.com.
• A collection of 5000 images from Closet Marshall's personal archives at Durham University's Oriental Museum