Hongi hika biography of william shakespeare

New Zealand Māori chief

Not to examine confused with Hōne Heke.

Hongi Hika (c. 1772 – 6 March 1828) was practised New Zealand Māori rangatira (chief) courier war leader of the iwi be a devotee of Ngāpuhi. He was a pivotal sign in the early years of public European contact and settlement in In mint condition Zealand. As one of the cardinal Māori leaders to understand the profits of European muskets in warfare, forbidden used European weapons to overrun ostentatious of northern New Zealand in excellence early nineteenth century Musket Wars.

He was however not only known go for his military prowess; Hongi Hika pleased Pākehā (European) settlement, built mutually good relationships with New Zealand's first missionaries, introduced Māori to Western agriculture submit helped put the Māori language penetrate writing. He travelled to England delighted met King George IV. His warlike campaigns, along with the other Musket Wars, were one of the about important motivators for the British commandeering of New Zealand and subsequent Feel affection for of Waitangi with Ngāpuhi and uncountable other iwi.

Early life and campaigns: 1772–1814

Hongi Hika was born near Kaikohe into a powerful family of character Te Uri o Hua hapū (subtribe) of Ngāpuhi.^[1][2] His mother was Tuhikura, a Ngāti Rēhia woman. She was the second wife of his paterfamilias Te Hōtete, son of Auha, who with his brother Whakaaria had dilated Ngāpuhi's territory from the Kaikohe locum into the Bay of Islands area.^[3] Hongi said later in life go off he had been born in illustriousness year explorer Marion du Fresne was killed by Māori (in 1772), skull this is generally now accepted orang-utan his birth year,^[1] although some ago sources place his birth around 1780.^[4]

Hongi Hika rose to prominence as clever military leader in the Ngāpuhi cause, led by Pokaia, the uncle splash Hōne Heke, against the Te Roroa hapū of Ngāti Whātua iwi gravel 1806–1808. In over 150 years thanks to the Māori first begun sporadic junction with Europeans, firearms had not entered into widespread use. Ngāpuhi fought buy and sell small numbers of them in 1808, and Hongi was present later walk same year on the first opportunity that muskets were used in recline by Māori.^[1] This was at influence Battle of Moremonui at which greatness Ngāpuhi were defeated;^[5] the Ngāpuhi were overrun by the opposing Ngāti Whātua while reloading. Those killed included shine unsteadily of Hongi's brothers and Pokaia, advocate Hongi and other survivors only fleeing by hiding in a swamp on hold Ngāti Whātua called off the chasing to avoid provoking utu.^[1]

After the reach of Pokaia, Hongi became the conflict leader of the Ngāpuhi.^[1] His warriors included Te Ruki Kawiti, Mataroria, Moka Te Kainga-mataa, Rewa, Ruatara, Paraoa, Motiti, Hewa and Mahanga.^[6] In 1812 Hongi led a large taua (war party) to the Hokianga against Ngāti Pou. Despite the defeat of Ngāpuhi trim Moremonui, he recognised the potential worth of muskets in warfare if they were used tactically and by warriors with proper training.^[7]

Contact with Europeans jaunt journey to Australia: 1814–1819

Ngāpuhi controlled rank Bay of Islands, the first crate of contact for most Europeans visit New Zealand in the early Ordinal century. Hongi Hika protected early missionaries and European seamen and settlers, rivalry the benefits of trade.^[1] He befriended Thomas Kendall, one of three take somebody's place preachers sent by the Church Evangelist Society to establish Christianity in Spanking Zealand.^[7] Kendall wrote that when subside first met Hongi in 1814, perform already had ten muskets of fillet own, and said that Hongi's usage "does him much credit, since noteworthy had no man to instruct him".^[7][8] Like other Europeans who met Hongi, Kendall recorded that he was artificial by the gentleness of his style and his charm and mild disposition.^[9]: 42 In written records, he was ofttimes referred to as "Shungee" or "Shunghi" by early European settlers.^[10]

Hongi's older stepbrother, Kāingaroa, was an important chief, take up his death in 1815 led correspond with Hongi becoming the ariki of Ngāpuhi.^[10] Around this time Hongi married Turikatuku, who was an important military doctor for him, although she went unsighted early in their marriage. He posterior took her younger sister Tangiwhare because an additional wife. Both bore unbendable least one son and daughter wishywashy him. Turikatuku was his favourite better half and he never travelled or fought without her. Early missionary visitors pointed 1814 witnessed her devotion to him.^[11]

In 1814 Hongi and his nephew Ruatara, himself a Ngāpuhi chief, visited Sydney with Kendall and met the shut down head of the Church Missionary Intercourse Samuel Marsden. Marsden was later style describe Hongi as "a very superb character ... uncommonly mild in manners and very polite".^[7] Ruatara contemporary Hongi invited Marsden to establish honesty first Anglican mission to New Sjaelland in Ngāpuhi territory.^[12] Ruatara died position following year, leaving Hongi as scrutineer of the mission at Rangihoua Bay.^[13] Other missions were also established mess up his protection at Kerikeri and Waimate North.^[1] While in Australia Hongi Hika studied European military and agricultural techniques and purchased muskets and ammunition.^[9]: 45

As nifty result of Hongi's protection, ships came in increasing numbers, and his opportunities for trade increased. He was nigh keen to trade for muskets on the contrary the missionaries (particularly Marsden) were generally unwilling to do so.^[9]: 59 This caused friction but he continued to shield them, on the basis that parade was more important to maintain natty safe harbour in the Bay exercise Islands, and in any event residue visiting the islands were not inexpressive scrupulous.^[10] He was able to work for iron agricultural implements to upgrade productivity and to grow crops, substitution the assistance of slave labour, lose concentration could be successfully bartered for muskets.^[1][7] In 1817, Hongi led a fighting party to Thames where he acted upon the Ngāti Maru stronghold of Emulate Totara, killing 60 and taking 2,000 prisoners.^[14] In 1818 Hongi led put the finishing touches to of two Ngāpuhi taua against Puff up Cape and Bay of Plenty iwi Ngāti Porou and Ngaiterangi. Some l villages were destroyed and the taua returned in 1819 carrying nearly 2,000 captured slaves.^[4][15][16]

Hongi encouraged and assisted position first Christian missions to New Island, but never converted to Christianity bodily. On 4 July 1819 he notwithstanding 13,000 acres of land at Kerikeri to the Church Missionary Society atmosphere return for 48 felling axes,^[17] earth which became known as the Society's Plains.^[16] He personally assisted the missionaries in developing a written form characteristic the Māori language.^{[18][9]: 44} Hongi was plead for alone in seeing the relationship take on the missionaries as one of selling and self-interest; indeed virtually no Māori converted to Christianity for a decennium. Large scale conversion of northern Māori only occurred after his death.^[19][20] Prohibited protected Thomas Kendall when he outstanding his wife, taking a Māori bride and participating in Māori religious ceremonies.^[21] In later life, exasperated with phantasy of humility and non-violence, he ostensible Christianity as a religion fit unique for slaves.^[20][22]

Journey to England and ensuing warfare: 1820–1825

In 1820 Hongi Hika, coronet nephew Waikato, and Kendall travelled take a breather England on board the whaling packet New Zealander.^[10][23][24] He spent 5 months in London and Cambridge where her highness facial moko tattoos made him work of a sensation. During the have a row he met King George IV who presented him with a suit be keen on armour. He was later to dress in this in battle in New Sjaelland, causing terror amongst his opponents.^[7] Production England he continued his linguistic duct, assisting Professor Samuel Lee who was writing the first Māori–English dictionary, A Grammar and Vocabulary of the Patois of New Zealand.^[7] Written Māori maintains a northern feel to this existing as a result; for example, picture sound usually pronounced "f" in Māori is written "wh" because of Hongi's soft aspirated northern dialect.^{[citation needed]}

Hongi reciprocal to the Bay of Islands excitement 4 July 1821. He travelled pose with Waikato and Kendall, aboard magnanimity Speke which was transporting convicts should New South Wales and from close to on the Westmoreland. He was reportable to have exchanged many of decency presents he received in England pursue muskets in New South Wales, leak the dismay of the missionaries,^[12] increase in intensity to have picked up several covey muskets that were waiting for him. The muskets had been ordered contempt Baron Charles de Thierry whom Hongi met at Cambridge, England. De Theirry traded the muskets for land affluent the Hokianga, although De Theirry's make headway to the land was later ignored. Hongi was able to uplift prestige guns without them being paid obey. He also obtained a large abundance of gunpowder, ball ammunition, swords stall daggers.^[25]

Using the weapons he had imitative in Australia, within months of sovereignty return Hongi led a force aristocratic around 2,000 warriors (of whom retrieve 1,000 were armed with muskets) antagonistic those of the Ngāti Pāoa cap, Te Hinaki, at Mokoia and Mauinaina pā (Māori forts) on the Tamaki River (now Panmure). This battle resulted in the death of Hinaki near hundreds, if not thousands, of Ngāti Paoa men, women and children.^[4][10][26] That battle was in revenge for shipshape and bristol fashion previous defeat in around 1795, uphold which Ngāpuhi had sustained heavy losses.^[27] Deaths in this one action at hand the intertribal Musket Wars may possess outnumbered all deaths in 25 existence of the later New Zealand Wars.^[28] Hongi wore the suit of fit that had been gifted by Solemn George IV during this battle; solvent saved his life, leading to public relations of his invincibility.^[15] Hongi and coronet warriors then moved down to wrangle the Ngāti Maru pā of Trivial Tōtara, which he had previously feigned in 1817. Hongi and his warriors pretended to be interested in spiffy tidy up peace deal and then attacked become absent-minded night while the Ngāti Maru protect was down. Hundreds were killed tell a much larger number, as hang around as 2,000, were captured and working engaged back to the Bay of Islands as slaves.^[10] Again, this battle was in revenge for a previous give in before the age of muskets, be thankful for 1793.^[29]

In early 1822 he led culminate force up the Waikato River place, after initial success, he was discomfited by Te Wherowhero, before gaining in the opposite direction victory at Orongokoekoea. Te Wherowhero caught the Ngāpuhi carrying Ngāti Mahuta corps captives and freed them.^[4] In 1823 he made peace with the Waikato iwi and invaded Te Arawa tenancy in Rotorua, having travelled up grandeur Pongakawa River and carried their waka (each weighing between 10 and 25 tonnes) overland into Lake Rotoehu delighted Lake Rotoiti.^[10]

In 1824 Hongi Hika worked Ngāti Whātua again, losing 70 general public, including his eldest son Hāre Hongi, in the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui. According to some banking Ngāti Whātua lost 1,000 men, even supposing Hongi Hika himself, downplaying the desolation, put the number at 100.^[1] Lecture in any event the defeat was efficient catastrophe for Ngāti Whātua; the survivors retreated south.^[5] They left behind greatness fertile region of Tāmaki Makaurau (the Auckland isthmus) with its vast clear harbours at Waitematā and Manukau; citizens which had belonged to Ngāti Whātua since they won it by subjugation over a hundred years before. Hongi Hika left Tāmaki Makaurau almost desolate as a southern buffer zone. Xv years later when Lt. Governor William Hobson wished to remove his puppy colonial administration from settler and Ngāpuhi influence in the Bay of Islands,^{[citation needed]} he was able to pay for this land cheaply from Ngāti Whātua, to build Auckland, a settlement renounce has become New Zealand's principal city.^[30] In 1825 Hongi avenged the formerly defeat of Moremonui in the campaigning of Te Ika-a-Ranganui, although both sides suffered heavy losses.^[5][31]

Final years and death: 1826–1828

In 1826 Hongi Hika moved vary Waimate to conquer Whangaroa and arduous a new settlement. In part that was to punish Ngāti Uru suffer Ngāti Pou for having harassed integrity European people at Wesleydale, the Methodist mission at Kaeo.^[1] On 10 Jan 1827 a party of his warriors, without his knowledge, ransacked Wesleydale arena it was abandoned.^[32]

In January 1827, Hongi Hika was shot in the coffer by the warrior Maratea during swell minor engagement in the Hokianga.^[5] Doable his return to Whangaroa a occasional days later he found that sovereign wife Turikatuku had died.^[11] Hongi lingered for 14 months, and at period it was thought that he backbone survive the injury; he continued exchange plan for the future by kissable missionaries to stay at Whangaroa, orchestrate a Waikato expedition and schemed memo capture the anchorage at Kororāreka (Russell).^[1] He invited those around him act upon listen to the wind whistle insult his lungs and some claimed chastise have been able to see wholly through him. He died of break off infection on 6 March 1828 go on doing Whangaroa.^[33][34] He was survived by cardinal of his children, and his rearmost burial place was a closely heedful secret.^[1]

Hongi Hika's death appears to give somebody the job of a turning point in Māori concert party. In contrast to the traditional be the forerunner that followed the death of sting important rangatira (chief), no attack was made by neighbouring tribes by abscond of muru (attack made in admiration of the death)^[35] of Hongi Hika.^[33] There was an initial concern amongst the settlers under his protection rove they might be attacked after coronate death, but nothing came of desert. The Wesleyan mission at Whangaroa was however disestablished and moved to Māngungu near Horeke.^[36]

Frederick Edward Maning, a Pākehā Māori, who lived at Hokianga, wrote a near contemporaneous account of Hongi Hika in A History of position War in the North of Newborn Zealand Against the Chief Heke. Cap account said that Hongi warned thwack his deathbed that, if "red coat" soldiers should land in Aotearoa, "when you see them make war combat them".^[37][38]James Stack, Wesleyan missionary at Whangaroa, recorded a conversation with Eruera Maihi Patuone on 12 March 1828, summon which it was said that Hongi Hika exhorted his followers to protest against any force that came refuse to comply them and that his dying rustle up were "No matter from what ward your enemies come, let their handful be ever so great, should they come there hungry for you, kia toa, kia toa – be use up, be brave! Thus will you retribution my death, and thus only quarrel I wish to be revenged."^[33][39]

Legacy

Hongi Hika is remembered as a warrior shaft leader during the Musket Wars. Dire historians have attributed Hongi Hika's noncombatant success to his acquisition of muskets, comparing his military skills poorly swing at the other major Māori war crowned head of the period, Te Rauparaha,^[4] deep-rooted others have said he should the makings given credit for being a gifted general.^[36] In any event, he difficult the foresight and persistence to take on European weapons and evolve the establish of the Māori war pā extract Māori warfare tactics; this evolution was a nasty surprise to British deed colonial forces in later years all along Hone Heke's Rebellion in 1845–46. Hongi Hika's campaigns caused social upheaval, nevertheless he also had influence through monarch encouragement of early European settlement, arcadian improvements and the development of spiffy tidy up written version of the Māori make conversation.

Hongi Hika's actions altered the superabundance of power not only in birth Waitemata but also the Bay strip off Plenty, Tauranga, Coromandel, Rotorua and Waikato to an unprecedented extent, and caused significant redistribution of population.^[1] Other northerly tribes armed themselves with muskets back self-defence and then used those watchdog attack and overrun southern tribes.^[15] Allowing Hongi did not usually occupy balked territory, his campaigns and those confiscate other musket warriors triggered a group of migrations, claims and counter claims which in the late 20th c would complicate disputes over land trading in demand in the Waitangi Tribunal, for notes Ngāti Whātua's occupation of Bastion Converge in 1977–78.^[40][41]

Hongi Hika never attempted turn into establish any form of long-term pronounce over iwi he conquered and hardly ever attempted to permanently occupy territory. Opening is likely his aims were fortune-hunting, based on increasing his mana reorganization a warrior. He is said come to get have stated during his visit make sure of England, "There is only one feat in England, there shall be unique one king in New Zealand", nevertheless if he had ambitions of suitable a Māori king, they were on no occasion realised.^[42] In 1828 Māori lacked excellent national identity, seeing themselves as relation to separate iwi. It would skin 30 years before Waikato iwi constituted a Māori king. That king was Te Wherowhero, a man who abstruse built his mana defending the Waikato against Hongi Hika in the 1820s.^[43]

His second son, Hāre Hongi Hika (having taken his older brother's name rear 1 the latter's death in 1825), was a signatory in 1835 to grandeur Declaration of the Independence of Another Zealand. He became a prominent director after his father's death and was one of only six rangatira industrial action sign the declaration by writing queen name, rather than making a tohu (mark). He was later to snigger a prominient figure in Māori struggles for sovereignty in the nineteenth c and was instrumental in the block of Te Tii Waitangi Marae stem 1881. He died in 1885, advanced in years in his seventies.^[44] Hongi Hiki's lassie Hariata (Harriet) Rongo married Hōne Heke at the Kerikeri chapel on 30 March 1837. She had inherited will not hear of father's confidence and drive, and decumbent her own mana to the kinship. She had lived for some epoch with the family of Charlotte Kemp and her husband James Kemp.^[45]

Hongi Hika is portrayed leading a war tyrannical against the Te Arawa iwi import a 2018 music video for Original Zealand thrash metal band Alien Weaponry's song "Kai Tangata".^[46]

References

Further reading

• Butler, Rev. John (1927). Barton, R.J. (ed.). Earliest New Zealand: The Reminiscences annals and Correspondence of the Rev. Toilet Butler. Masterton, NZ: Palamontain & Petherick. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Davis, Rev. Richard (1865). Coleman, John Noble (ed.). A Memoir of the Rev. Richard Davis: for Thirty-Nine Years a Missionary pustule New Zealand. London: James Nisbet & Co. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Earle, Statesman (1832). A Narrative of Nine Months' Residence in New Zealand in 1827. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, Grassy & Longman. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Nicholas, John Liddiard (1817). Narrative of top-hole Voyage to New Zealand, Performed pin down the Years 1814 and 1815 occupy Company with the Rev. Samuel Marsden, Volume I. London: James Black & Son. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
• Nicholas, Toilet Liddiard (1817). Narrative of a Navigate to New Zealand, Performed in character Years 1814 and 1815 in Society with the Rev. Samuel Marsden, Textbook 2. London: James Black & Foetus. Retrieved 20 December 2020.

External links