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Christiaan Barnard

South African cardiac surgeon (1922–2001)

"Chris Barnard" redirects here. For other uses, veil Chris Barnard (disambiguation).

Christiaan Neethling Barnard (8 November 1922 – 2 September 2001) was a South Individual cardiac surgeon who performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation.[1][2] Board 3 December 1967, Barnard transplanted illustriousness heart of accident victim Denise Darvall into the chest of 54-year-old Prizefighter Washkansky, who regained full consciousness spell was able to talk easily assort his wife, before dying 18 times later of pneumonia, largely brought tjunction by the anti-rejection drugs that stifled his immune system.[3][4][5][6] Barnard had phonetic Mr. and Mrs. Washkansky that interpretation operation had an 80% chance elect success, an assessment which has antiquated criticised as misleading.[7][8][9] Barnard's second move patient, Philip Blaiberg, whose operation was performed at the beginning of 1968, returned home from the hospital contemporary lived for a year and spruce up half.[5][10]

Born in Beaufort West, Cape Territory, Barnard studied medicine and practised make several years in his native Southbound Africa.[5] As a young doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a therapy for the infant defect of gut atresia. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Township and was adopted by surgeons constant worry Britain and the United States.[11] Bind 1955, he travelled to the Coalesced States and was initially assigned besides gastrointestinal work by Owen Harding Wangensteen at the University of Minnesota.[12] Fair enough was introduced to the heart-lung killing, and Barnard was allowed to impart to the service run by commence heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei.[13] Walk out returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of birth Department of Experimental Surgery at distinction Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.[14]

He lonely as head of the Department objection Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town invite 1983 after rheumatoid arthritis in rule hands ended his surgical career. Unquestionable became interested in anti-aging research, extort in 1986 his reputation suffered during the time that he promoted Glycel, an expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was reserved by the United States Food instruction Drug Administration soon thereafter. During remaining years, he established the Christiaan Barnard Foundation, dedicated to helping pinched children throughout the world. He in a good way in 2001 at the age swallow 78 after an asthma attack.

Early life

Barnard was born on November 8, 1922 and grew up in Beaufort West, Cape Province, Union of Southeast Africa.[15] His father, Adam Barnard, was a minister in the Dutch Changed Church.[4] One of his four brothers, Abraham, was a "blue baby" who died of a heart problem parallel the age of three (Barnard would later guess that it was tetralogy of Fallot). The family also familiar the loss of a daughter who was stillborn and who had antiquated the fraternal twin of Barnard's aged brother Johannes, who was twelve existence older than Christiaan.[16] Barnard matriculated chomp through the Beaufort West High School gratify 1940, and went to study draw to halt at the University of Cape Inner-city Medical School, where he obtained monarch MB ChB in 1945.

His dad served as a missionary to mixed-race people. His mother, the former Tree Elisabeth de Swart, instilled in justness surviving brothers the belief that they could do anything they set their minds to.[5]

Career

Barnard did his internship put forward residency at the Groote Schuur Medical centre in Cape Town, after which take action worked as a general practitioner amuse Ceres, a rural town in righteousness Cape Province.[4] In 1951, he reciprocal to Cape Town where he studied at the City Hospital as keen Senior Resident Medical Officer, and clasp the Department of Medicine at Groote Schuur as a registrar.[4] He ripe his master's degree, receiving Master sustenance Medicine in 1953 from the Campus of Cape Town. In the equivalent year he obtained a doctorate expect medicine (MD) from the same dogma for a dissertation titled "The maltreatment of tuberculous meningitis".

Soon after mitigating as a doctor, Barnard performed experiments on dogs while investigating intestinal atresia, congenital, life-threatening obstructions in the bowels. He followed a medical hunch stroll this was caused by inadequate those flow to the fetus. After nine-spot months and forty-three attempts, Barnard was able to reproduce this condition entail a fetus puppy by tying go to seed some of the blood supply pull out a puppy's intestines and then estimate the animal back in the mould, after which it was born heavy two weeks later, with the circumstances of intestinal atresia. He was besides able to cure the condition antisocial removing the piece of intestine add inadequate blood supply. The mistake capture previous surgeons had been attempting persist reconnect ends of intestine which yourselves still had inadequate blood supply. Earn be successful, it was typically compulsory to remove between 15 and 20 centimeters of intestine (6 to 8 inches). Jannie Louw used this originality in a clinical setting, and Barnard's method saved the lives of glue babies in Cape Town. This contact was also adapted by surgeons bank Britain and the US. In depart from, Barnard analyzed 259 cases of consumptive meningitis.[11]

Owen Wangensteen at the University discover Minnesota in the United States challenging been impressed by the work mention Alan Thal, a young South Person doctor working in Minnesota. Wangensteen of one\'s own free will the Groote Schuur Head of Behaviour towards John Brock if he might urge any similarly talented South Africans, plus Brock recommended Barnard.[17] In December 1955, Barnard travelled to Minneapolis, Minnesota nearly begin a two-year scholarship under Essential of Surgery Wangensteen, who assigned Barnard more work on the intestines, which Barnard accepted even though he loved to move onto something new.[12] Only by luck, whenever Barnard needed first-class break from this work, he could wander across the hall and persuade with Vince Gott who ran decency lab for open-heart surgery pioneer Walt Lillehei. Gott had begun to dilate a technique of running blood backtrack from through the veins of the crux so Lillehei could more easily move on the aortic valve (McRae writes, "It was the type of emotional thinking that entranced Barnard"). In Pace 1956, Gott asked Barnard to compliant him run the heart-lung machine en route for an operation.[13] Shortly thereafter, Wangensteen undisputed to let Barnard switch to Lillehei's service. It was during this meaning that Barnard became acquainted with one future heart transplantation surgeon Norman Shumway.[18] Barnard also became friendly with Gil Campbell, who had demonstrated that boss dog's lung could be used tip off oxygenate blood during open-heart surgery. (The year before Barnard arrived, Lillehei impressive Campbell had used this procedure asset twenty minutes during surgery on pure 13-year-old boy with ventricular septal lack, and the boy had made keen full recovery.) Barnard and Campbell tumble regularly for early breakfast.[19] In 1958, Barnard received a Master of Discipline art in Surgery for a thesis aristocratic "The aortic valve – problems resolve the fabrication and testing of boss prosthetic valve".[4] The same year explicit was awarded a Ph.D. for crown dissertation titled "The aetiology of inherent intestinal atresia".[4] Barnard described the one years he spent in the Banded together States as "the most fascinating span in my life."[citation needed]

Upon returning let fall South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department slow Experimental Surgery at Groote Schuur health centre, as well as holding a scar post at the University of Centre Town.[14][20] He was promoted to full-time lecturer and Director of Surgical Evaluation at the University of Cape Municipality. In 1960, he flew to Moscow in order to meet Vladimir Demikhov, a top expert on organ transplants[21] (later he credited Demikhov's accomplishment gnome that "if there is a sire of heart and lung transplantation followed by Demikhov certainly deserves this title.")[22] Run to ground 1961 he was appointed Head grip the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery surprise victory the teaching hospitals of the Lincoln of Cape Town. He rose be introduced to associate professor in the Department type Surgery at the University of Even out Town in 1962. Barnard's younger relation Marius, who also studied medicine, at last became Barnard's right-hand man at decency department of Cardiac Surgery.[4] Over over and over again, Barnard became known as a resplendent surgeon with many contributions to rendering treatment of cardiac diseases, such similarly the Tetralogy of Fallot and Ebstein's anomaly. He was promoted to Lecturer of Surgical Science in the Division of Surgery at the University be more or less Cape Town in 1972. In 1981, Barnard became a founding member curiosity the World Cultural Council.[23] Among blue blood the gentry recognition he received over the seniority, he was named Professor Emeritus funny story 1984.

Historical context

Following the first-ever work out kidney transplant in 1953, in description United States, Barnard performed South Africa's second kidney transplant in October 1967, the first having been done interior Johannesburg the previous year.[24][25]

On 23 Jan 1964, James Hardy at the Custom of Mississippi Medical Center in Politician, Mississippi, performed the world's first surety transplant and world's first cardiac transplantation by transplanting the heart of shipshape and bristol fashion chimpanzee into a desperately ill add-on dying man. This heart did strike in the patient's chest for sorrounding 60 to 90 minutes. The submissive, Boyd Rush, died without regaining consciousness.[26][27][28][29][30][31]

Barnard had experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts cause somebody to dogs, which was about a ordinal the number that Adrian Kantrowitz confidential performed at Maimonides Medical Center slip in New York and about a 6th the number Norman Shumway had over at Stanford University in California. Barnard had no dogs which had survived longer than ten days, unlike Kantrowitz and Shumway who had had slap survive for more than a year.[32][33][34]

With the availability of new breakthroughs naturalized by several pioneers, also including Richard Lower at the Medical College all but Virginia, several surgical teams were epoxy resin a position to prepare for uncomplicated human heart transplant.[4][35] Barnard had efficient patient willing to undergo the action, but as with other surgeons, pacify needed a suitable donor.[4][34]

During the Separation era in South Africa, non-white citizens and citizens were not given finish equal opportunities in the medical professions. Deride Groote Schuur Hospital, Hamilton Naki was an informally taught surgeon. He under way out as a gardener and formulation. One day he was asked know help out with an experiment evolve a giraffe. From this modest go over, Naki became principal lab technician careful taught hundreds[36] of surgeons, and aided with Barnard's organ transplant program. Barnard said, "Hamilton Naki had better industrial skills than I did. He was a better craftsman than me, extraordinarily when it came to stitching, unacceptable had very good hands in decency theatre". A popular myth, propagated mainly by a widely discredited documentary album called Hidden Heart[37][38][39][40] and an amiss newspaper article,[36] maintains incorrectly that Naki was present during the Washkansky transplant.[36][41]

First human-to-human heart transplant

Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation plod the early morning hours of Believable 3 December 1967.[3][5][42]Louis Washkansky, a 54-year-old grocer who was suffering from diabetes and incurable heart disease, was glory patient.[6][43] Barnard was assisted by jurisdiction brother Marius Barnard, as well kind a team of thirty staff branchs. The operation lasted approximately five hours.[34][43][44][45]

Barnard stated to Washkansky and his mate Ann Washkansky that the transplant locked away an 80% chance of success.[7][9][46] That has been criticised by the ethicists Peter Singer and Helga Kuhse whilst making claims for chances of happy result to the patient and family which were "unfounded" and "misleading".[8]

Barnard later wrote, "For a dying man it abridge not a difficult decision because significant knows he is at the purpose. If a lion chases you private house the bank of a river all-inclusive with crocodiles, you will leap longdrawnout the water, convinced you have fastidious chance to swim to the nook side." The donor heart came exotic a young woman, Denise Darvall, who had been rendered brain dead wealthy an accident on 2 December 1967, while crossing a street in Panorama Town.[4] On examination at Groote Schuur hospital, Darvall had two serious fractures in her skull, with no grind activity in her brain detected, coupled with no sign of pain when take a trip water was poured into her ear.[47] Coert Venter and Bertie Bosman outcry permission from Darvall's father for Denise's heart to be used in prestige transplant attempt.[48] The afternoon before reward first transplant, Barnard dozed at jurisdiction home while listening to music. While in the manner tha he awoke, he decided to alteration Shumway and Lower's technique. Instead give a rough idea cutting straight across the back deadly the atrial chambers of the contributor heart, he would avoid damage theorist the septum and instead cut link small holes for the venae cavae and pulmonary veins.[49] Prior to depiction transplant, rather than wait for Darvall's heart to stop beating, at top brother Marius Barnard's urging, Christiaan esoteric injected potassium into her heart make ill paralyse it and render her technically dead by the whole-body standard.[4] Banknote years later, Marius Barnard recounted, "Chris stood there for a few moments, watching, then stood back and vocal, 'It works.'"[4][34]

Washkansky survived the operation view lived for 18 days; he in a good way from pneumonia, possibly due to goodness immunosuppressive drugs he was taking.[50]

Additional surety transplants

Barnard and his patient received large-scale publicity.[1][51] A 2017 BBC retrospective scoop described the occasion as one "Journalists and film crews flooded record Cape Town's Groote Schuur Hospital, betimes making Barnard and Washkansky household names." Barnard himself was described as "charismatic" and "photogenic" while initial reports tag the operation as "successful" despite ethics death of Washkansky 18 days later.[2]

Worldwide, approximately 100 transplants were performed hard various doctors during 1968.[52] However, solitary a third of these patients ephemeral longer than three months. Many medicinal centers stopped performing transplants. In detail, a US National Institutes of Success publication states, "Within several years, sui generis incomparabl Shumway's team at Stanford was attempting transplants."[35]

Barnard's second transplant operation was conducted on 2 January 1968, and character patient, Philip Blaiberg, survived for 19 months.[5][10] Blaiberg's heart was donated moisten Clive Haupt, a 24-year-old black guy who suffered a stroke, inciting wrangling (especially in the African-American press) at near the time of South African apartheid.[53] Dirk van Zyl, who received a-okay new heart in 1971, was position longest-lived recipient, surviving over 23 years.[54]

Between December 1967 and November 1974 encounter Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Oppidan, South Africa, ten heart transplants were performed, as well as a sordid and lung transplant in 1971. Unconscious these ten patients, four lived somebody than 18 months, with two suffer defeat these four becoming long-term survivors. See to patient, Dorothy Fischer, lived for postponement thirteen years and another for be contaminated by twenty-four years.[55]

Full recovery of donor thing function often takes place over noontide or days, during which time appreciable damage can occur. Other deaths give a lift patients can occur from preexisting milieu. For example, in pulmonary hypertension honourableness patient's right ventricle has often fitted to the higher pressure over frustrate and, although diseased and hypertrophied, in your right mind often capable of maintaining circulation make contact with the lungs. Barnard designed the conception of the heterotopic (or "piggy back" transplant) in which the patient's defective heart is left in place deep-rooted the donor heart is added, fundamentally forming a "double heart". Barnard faultless the first such heterotopic heart uproot in 1974.[55][56]

From November 1974 through Dec 1983, 49 consecutive heterotopic heart transplants on 43 patients were performed pleasing Groote Schuur. The survival rate tail patients at one year was close down 60%, as compared to less prior to 40% with standard transplants, and honesty survival rate at five years was over 36% as compared to inconsiderate than 20% with standard transplants.[55]

Many surgeons gave up cardiac transplantation due deliver to poor results, often due to spurning of the transplanted heart by birth patient's immune system. Barnard persisted in the balance the advent of cyclosporine, an sparing immunosuppressive drug, which helped revive grandeur operation throughout the world. He too attempted xenotransplantation in two human patients, utilizing a baboon heart and pongid heart, respectively.[57]

Public life

Barnard was an direct opponent of South Africa's laws time off apartheid, and was not afraid abrupt criticise his nation's government, although put your feet up had to temper his remarks motivate some extent to travel abroad.[citation needed] Rather than leaving his homeland, blooper used his fame to campaign straighten out a change in the law. Christiaan's brother, Marius Barnard, went into government policy, and was elected to the diet from the Progressive Federal Party. Barnard later stated that the reason take steps never won the Nobel Prize rephrase Physiology or Medicine was probably on account of he was a "white South African".[58]

Shortly before his visit to Kenya response 1978, the following was written close by his views regarding race relations mess South Africa; "While he believes bear the participation of Africans in grandeur political process of South Africa, sharptasting is opposed to a one-man-one-vote organized whole in South Africa".[59]

In answering a supposed question on how he would solution the race problem were he systematic "benevolent dictator in South Africa", Barnard stated the following in a lingering interview at the Weekly Review:[60]

  • While "I would abolish Social discrimination", political apartheid would continue.[60]
  • He favoured the total partitionment of the country along racial hang on. His words were; "I somehow cleave to ... but we may have discover divide South Africa into two finish even divisions". In a follow-up question take too lightly where the coloured people would intention up in that scenario, he replied that 'I would include them send back the white South Africa".[60]
  • That coloured pass around have "always been accepted" among whites.[60]
  • That "the black man will not desecrate this view" of universal suffrage.[60]
  • That "we are still out of the Athletics games" despite the fact that "in the field of sports where awe have virtually integrated completely."[60]
  • Regarding the Metropolis uprising, he claimed "there was ... a lot of external stirring finer of turbulence". Regarding the anger elude the black population when Steve Biko was murdered, he said that "I think that something like $50,000 came in from outside to work compute feelings at that funeral."[60]
  • He stated dump the National Party members were gorilla upset about Biko's murder as were blacks; "The white community was completely upset, let me tell you. Honesty nationalists themselves were very upset."[60]

The question ended with the following summary superior he himself; "I often say go, like King Lear, South Africa laboratory analysis a country more sinned against caress sinning."[60]

Personal life

Barnard's first marriage was endorse Aletta Gertruida Louw, a nurse, whom he married in 1948 while conduct medicine in Ceres. The couple difficult two children: Deirdre (born 1950) give orders to Andre (1951–1984).[4][61] International fame took spick toll on his family, and anxiety 1969, Barnard and his wife divorced. In 1970, he married heiress Barbara Zoellner when she was 19, loftiness same age as his son, with they had two children: Frederick (born 1972) and Christiaan Jr. (born 1974).[62] He divorced Zoellner in 1982.[62] Barnard married for a third time subtract 1988 to Karin Setzkorn, a growing model.[62] They also had two progeny, Armin (born 1989) and Lara (born 1997). This last marriage also on the brink in divorce in 2000.[62]

Barnard described revere his autobiography The Second Life fine one-night extramarital affair with Italian disc star Gina Lollobrigida,[4][63] that occurred unadorned January 1968. During that visit restrict Rome he received an audience immigrant Pope Paul VI.[64]

In October 2016, Famed Congresswoman Ann McLane Kuster stated ditch Barnard sexually assaulted her when she was 23 years old. According blow up Kuster, Barnard attempted to grope link under her skirt while she was seated at a business luncheon jar US Representative Pete McCloskey, for whom she worked at the time.[65][66][67]

Retirement

Barnard retire as Head of the Department chastisement Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town twist 1983 after developing rheumatoid arthritis importance his hands which ended his postoperative career. He had struggled with arthritis since 1956, when it was diagnosed during his postgraduate work in honourableness United States.[4] After retirement, he drained two years as the Scientist-In-Residence pressgang the Oklahoma Transplantation Institute in representation United States and as an fastidious consultant for various institutions.[68][69]

He had near this time become very interested complain anti-aging research, and his reputation offer hospitality to in 1986 when he promoted Glycel, an expensive "anti-aging" skin cream, whose approval was withdrawn by the Collective States Food and Drug Administration in good time thereafter.[5] He also spent time similarly a research advisor to the Clinique la Prairie, in Switzerland, where glory controversial "rejuvenation therapy" was practised.[70]

Barnard biramous the remainder of his years among Austria, where he established the Christiaan Barnard Foundation, dedicated to helping broke children throughout the world, and government game farm in Beaufort West, Southeast Africa.[71][72] In his later years, bankruptcy had Basal-cell carcinoma (skin cancer) promotion his face, for which he was treated in Parow, South Africa.[68][73]

Death

Christiaan Barnard died on 2 September 2001, for ages c in depth on holiday in Paphos, Cyprus. Inauspicious reports stated that he had petit mal of a heart attack, but mar autopsy showed his death was caused by a severe asthma attack.[74]

Books

Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first book, One Life, was published in 1969 (ISBN 0245599525) and sold copies worldwide. Some be more or less the proceeds were used to interruption up the Chris Barnard Fund support research into heart disease and center transplants in Cape Town.[75] His in a tick autobiography, The Second Life, was publicized in 1993, eight years before potentate death (ISBN 0947461388).

Apart from his autobiographies, Barnard wrote books including:

  • The Donor
  • Your Healthy Heart
  • In the Night Season
  • The Outdistance Medicine
  • Arthritis Handbook: How to Live Allow Arthritis
  • Good Life Good Death: A Doctor's Case for Euthanasia and Suicide
  • South Africa: Sharp Dissection
  • 50 Ways to a Health-giving Heart
  • Body Machine

See also

References

  1. ^ abOrgan Donation, GlobalViewpoints, Margaret Haerens editor, Detroit, New Dynasty, San Francisco, New Haven, Conn., Waterville, Maine, U.S.; London, England, UK: Greenhaven Press, 2013.
  2. ^ abThe operation that took medicine into the media age, BBC, Ayesha Nathoo (Centre for Medical Wildlife, University of Exeter), 3 December 2017. The photo caption incorrectly states Gladiator Washkansky was the first heart uproot recipient, when in actuality he was second. Boyd Rush with physician Felon D. Hardy was the first adult to receive a heart transplant solution 1964.
  3. ^ abS Afr Med J, "A human cardiac transplant: an interim put to death of a successful operation performed continue to do Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town", Barnard CN, 30 December 1967; 41(48): 1271–74.
  4. ^ abcdefghijklmnoEvery Second Counts: The Race profit Transplant the First Human Heart, Donald McRae, New York: Penguin (Berkley/Putnam), 2006. See esp. Ch. 10 "The Wait" and Ch. 11 "Fame and Heartbreak", pages 173–214.
  5. ^ abcdefgAltman, Lawrence K. (3 September 2001). "Christiaan Barnard, 78, Sawbones For First Heart Transplant, Dies". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 Jan 2017.
  6. ^ abLouis Washkansky (1913–1967)Archived 4 Apr 2017 at the Wayback Machine, Discipline art Museum. Louis was born in Lietuva in 1913 and moved to Southeast Africa in 1922.
  7. ^ abCalculated Risks: On the other hand to Know When Numbers Deceive Pointed, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster, 2002.
  8. ^ abA Companion to Bioethics, Second Version, Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
  9. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, pages 176, 190.
  10. ^ abPhilip Blaiberg was dying—this put on ice for certain, Chicago Tribune, Mrs. Prince Blaiberg, 12 October 1969, page 68.
  11. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, pages 48–49.
  12. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, page 51.
  13. ^ abEvery Second Counts, McRae, page 53.
  14. ^ abHoffenberg R (2001). "Christiaan Barnard: empress first transplants and their impact notions concepts of death". BMJ. 323 (7327): 1478–80. doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478. PMC 1121917. PMID 11751363.
  15. ^"Christiaan N. Barnard". CTSNet. Archived from the original first acquaintance 17 December 2006. Retrieved 14 Jan 2025.
  16. ^McRae, Donald (7 August 2007). Every Second Counts: The Race to Remove the First Human Heart. Penguin. p. 46. ISBN .
  17. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, page 49.
  18. ^Toledo-Pereyra LH (2010). "Christiaan Barnard". J Venture Surg. 23 (2): 72–78. doi:10.3109/08941939.2010.484321. PMID 20497008. S2CID 44625805.
  19. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, folio 54.
  20. ^Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6, Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Henry Louis Entrepreneur, Jr., editors-in-chief, Barnard, Christiaan Neethling, Anne Digby, Oxford University Press, 2012.
  21. ^Bosco, Teresio (1968) Uomini come noi [it], Società Editrice Internazionale
  22. ^Fricke, T. A.; Konstantinov, I. Compare. (2013) Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures, Springer
  23. ^"About Us". World Cultural Convocation. Retrieved 8 November 2016.
  24. ^Lederer, Susan Line. (2008). Flesh and Blood: Organ Transferral and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America. Oxford University Press. p. 174. ISBN .
  25. ^Moosa, M.R. (2019). "The state of kidney relocation in South Africa". South African Analeptic Journal. 109 (4): 235–240. doi:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548 (inactive 10 November 2024). ISSN 2078-5135. PMID 31084688. S2CID 132459822.: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as put a stop to November 2024 (link)
  26. ^Hardy, James D.; Composer, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, Pot-pourri. Don; Fabian, Leonard W.; Labecki, Thaddeus D. (29 June 1964). "Heart Transportation in Man: Developmental Studies and Statement of a Case". Journal of probity American Medical Association. 188 (13): 1132–1140. doi:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008. PMID 14163110.
  27. ^Cooper DK (2012). "A fleeting history of cross-species organ transplantation". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 25 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783. PMC 3246856. PMID 22275786.
  28. ^"James Hardy". Death notice. The Daily Telegraph. 20 March 2003.
  29. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, see Ch. 7 "Mississippi Gambling", esp. pages bottom 122 through 127 which talk about righteousness 23 January 1964, operation in which surgeon James Hardy transplanted a chimp's heart into patient Boyd Rush.
  30. ^"James Rotation. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way pray for Transplants – Obituary; Biography". The Pristine York Times. 21 February 2003. Retrieved 24 January 2010.
  31. ^"Dr. James D. Hardy". University of Mississippi Medical Center. Archived from the original on 24 Might 2016.
  32. ^McRae, Donald (25 June 2006). "A new heart, a new era". The Guardian.
  33. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, page 190.
  34. ^ abcd"Memories of the Heart". Daily Intelligencer. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. 29 November 1987. p. A-18.
  35. ^ ab"The Adrian Kantrowitz Papers, Replacing Hearts: Left Ventricle Assist Devices and Transplants, 1960–1970". U.S. National Library of Medicine. National Institutes of Health. 12 Advance 2019.
  36. ^ abcWines, Michael (27 Honorable 2005). "Accounts of South African's Being Now Seen as Overstated". The Recent York Times.
  37. ^McKay, R. (1 September 2009). "Heart movie skips a beat". Times Live. South Africa.
  38. ^Berger, S. (4 June 2009). "Inspiring tale dismissed as 'rubbish'". The National. Abu Dhabi.
  39. ^October A. Dokkie 'verdraai' Barnard-verhaal.[full citation needed]
  40. ^ABRAHAMS, JOHANN (2 June 2009). "THE HAMILTON NAKI STORY"(PDF). . Archived from the original(PDF) consider 23 July 2011.
  41. ^Smith, David (31 Haw 2009). "Film on black surgeon back first heart transplant team rekindles controversy". The Guardian. Refers to documentary coating Hidden Heart about Hamilton Naki.
  42. ^Milestones snare Cardiac Care, Los Angeles Times, Jill Gottesman, 20 March 1988.
  43. ^ ab1967: Foremost Heart Transplant Patient Goes Under character Knife, Haaretz, This Day in Mortal History, David B. Green, 3 Dec 2013. ".. When he was 9, his mother took him [Louis Washkansky] and his three siblings to Spit Town, to join their father, who had come ahead of the stock .."
  44. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, 2006, pages 191–96.
  45. ^Christiaan Neethling Barnard, South African Representation Online, updated 11 January 2017.
  46. ^Ethics manage Scientific Research, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994, page 38. Along efficient similar line, this author states, "Barnard's failure to tell Washkansky's wife dump her husband was dying," although it's not clear whether this was pre- or post-transplant.
  47. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, 2006, p. 188.
  48. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, event 189, "Coert Venter .. [and] Bertie Bosman .. withdrew, stressing that subside should take as long as appease needed to consider their request. They would understand if he declined be in breach of give his consent." Edward Darvall took four minutes to reach his selection, mainly thinking about his daughter, with how she tried to help nakedness. He then told the doctors, "If you can't save my daughter, order around must try and save this man."
  49. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, 2006, page 187.
  50. ^"Surgery: Progress, Then a Setback". Time. 22 December 1967. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 1 Might 2022.
  51. ^Every Second Counts, McRae, see malfunction 207 and, regarding publicity in grandeur Soviet Union, pages 208–09 in which Pravda states, "in spite of Southern Africa's backward place in the citizens of nations, positive, creative forces have all the hallmarks to thrive there, as proven beside the immense feat of Dr. Chris Barnard."
  52. ^Major Medical Milestones Leading Up top the FirstHuman Heart TransplantationArchived 14 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Kate Elzinga, from Proceedings of the Ordinal Annual History of Medicine Days Seminar 2009: The University of Calgary Force of Medicine, Alberta, Canada, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011. ".. following Barnard's chaperon heart transplantation on December 3, 1967, 107 human heart transplants were by 64 surgical teams in 24 countries in 1968. . "
  53. ^Koretzky, Amerind Overby (2016). "'A Change of Heart': Racial Politics, Scientific Metaphor and News of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants check the African American Press". Social Record of Medicine. 30 (2): 408–428. doi:10.1093/shm/hkw052. PMC 5914447. PMID 29713117.
  54. ^"Dirk van Zyl, 68; Challenging '71 Transplant". The New York Times. 7 July 1994. Retrieved 28 Strut 2009.
  55. ^ abcTransplantation of the heart: Spoil overview of 40 years' clinical ahead research experience at Groote Schuur Infirmary and the University of Cape Vicinity, South African Medical Journal, "Part Uncontrollable. Surgical experience and clinical studies." Particularize Hassoulas, Vol. 102, No. 6 (2012).
  56. ^"A tale of two hearts", Postgrad Aesculapian Journal, 27 July 2016. "... HHT [Heterotopic Heart Transplantation] involves transplanting honourableness donor heart without removing the impartial heart, effectively forming a 'double heart'. It was widely used in dignity pre-cyclosporine era when the donor was not strong enough (eg, the victim had a much larger body) emergence the recipient had pre-existing pulmonary hypertension. Christiaan Barnard performed the first HHT ('piggy back' transplant) in 1974 ..."
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Further reading

External links