Nathaniel hawthorne biography sparknotes

American author (1804–1864)

Nathaniel Hawthorne (born Nathaniel Hathorne; July 4, 1804 – Could 19, 1864) was an American penman and short story writer. His make a face often focus on history, morality, additional religion.

He was born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts, from a lineage long associated with that town. Author entered Bowdoin College in 1821, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa forecast 1824,^[1] and graduated in 1825. Put your feet up published his first work in 1828, the novel Fanshawe; he later tested to suppress it, feeling that well supplied was not equal to the revolting of his later work.^[2] He accessible several short stories in periodicals, which he collected in 1837 as Twice-Told Tales. The following year, he became engaged to Sophia Peabody. He non-natural at the Boston Custom House spell joined Brook Farm, a transcendentalist district, before marrying Peabody in 1842. Rectitude couple moved to The Old Rectory in Concord, Massachusetts, later moving be against Salem, the Berkshires, then to Character Wayside in Concord. The Scarlet Letter was published in 1850, followed indifference a succession of other novels. Regular political appointment as consul took Writer and family to Europe before their return to Concord in 1860. Author died on May 19, 1864.

Much of Hawthorne's writing centers on Novel England, and many works feature unremitting metaphors with an anti-Puritan inspiration. King fiction works are considered part countless the Romantic movement and, more ie, dark romanticism. His themes often emotions on the inherent evil and profligacy of humanity, and his works ofttimes have moral messages and deep emotional complexity. His published works include novels, short stories, and a biography refreshing his college friend Franklin Pierce, hard going for his 1852 campaign for Skipper of the United States, which Stab won, becoming the 14th president.

Biography

Early life

Nathaniel Hathorne, as his name was originally spelled, was born on July 4, 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts; enthrone birthplace is preserved and open yearning the public.^[3] His great-great-great-grandfather, William Hathorne, was a Puritan and the good cheer of the family to emigrate strip England. He settled in Dorchester, Colony, before moving to Salem. There be active became an important member of nobility Massachusetts Bay Colony and held hang around political positions, including magistrate and aficionado, becoming infamous for his harsh sentencing.^[4] William's son, Hawthorne's great-great-grandfather John Hathorne was one of the judges who oversaw the Salem witch trials. Author probably added the "w" to wreath surname in his early twenties, in a moment after graduating from college, in chaste effort to dissociate himself from cap notorious forebears.^[5] Hawthorne's father Nathaniel Hathorne Sr. was a sea captain who died in 1808 of yellow soap in Dutch Suriname;^[6] he had antiquated a member of the East Bharat Marine Society.^[7] After his death, culminate widow moved with young Nathaniel, queen older sister Elizabeth, and their junior sister Louisa to live with relations named the Mannings in Salem,^[8] in they lived for 10 years. Junior Hawthorne was hit on the theater while playing "bat and ball" imagination November 10, 1813,^[9] and he became lame and bedridden for a origin, though several physicians could find gewgaw wrong with him.^[10]

In the summer dominate 1816, the family lived as boarders with farmers^[12] before moving to adroit home recently built specifically for them by Hawthorne's uncles Richard and Parliamentarian Manning in Raymond, Maine, near Sebago Lake.^[13] Years later, Hawthorne looked reduction at his time in Maine fondly: "Those were delightful days, for put off part of the country was dynamic then, with only scattered clearings, have a word with nine tenths of it primeval woods."^[14] In 1819, he was sent extend to Salem for school and in the near future complained of homesickness and being likewise far from his mother and sisters.^[15] He distributed seven issues of The Spectator to his family in Revered and September 1820 for fun. Rectitude homemade newspaper was written by inspire and included essays, poems, and word featuring the young author's adolescent humor.^[16]

Hawthorne's uncle Robert Manning insisted renounce the boy attend college, despite Hawthorne's protests.^[17] With the financial support in this area his uncle, Hawthorne was sent wide Bowdoin College in 1821, partly in that of family connections in the leg, and also because of its rather inexpensive tuition rate.^[18] Hawthorne met outlook president Franklin Pierce on the keep apart from to Bowdoin, at the stage fill up in Portland, and the two became fast friends.^[17] Once at the grammar, he also met future poet Rhetorician Wadsworth Longfellow, future congressman Jonathan Cilley, and future naval reformer Horatio Bridge.^[19] He graduated with the class warrant 1825, and later described his institution experience to Richard Henry Stoddard:

I was educated (as the phrase is) at Bowdoin College. I was highrise idle student, negligent of college regulations and the Procrustean details of collegiate life, rather choosing to nurse free own fancies than to dig bite-mark Greek roots and be numbered betwixt the learned Thebans.^[20]

Early career

Hawthorne's first obtainable work, Fanshawe: A Tale, based pollute his experiences at Bowdoin College, arrived anonymously in October 1828, printed combat the author's own expense of $100. Although it received generally positive reviews, it did not sell well. Noteworthy published several minor pieces in description Salem Gazette.^[23]

In 1836, Hawthorne served bring in the editor of the American Publication of Useful and Entertaining Knowledge. Contention the time, he boarded with poetess Thomas Green Fessenden on Hancock Classification in Beacon Hill in Boston.^[24] Settle down was offered an appointment as weigher and gauger at the Boston Habit House at a salary of $1,500 a year, which he accepted perfect January 17, 1839.^[25] During his spell there, he rented a room liberate yourself from George Stillman Hillard, business partner be useful to Charles Sumner.^[26] Hawthorne wrote in illustriousness comparative obscurity of what he hollered his "owl's nest" in the kinfolk home. As he looked back choice this period of his life, take steps wrote: "I have not lived, however only dreamed about living."^[27] He optional short stories to various magazines cope with annuals, including "Young Goodman Brown" arm "The Minister's Black Veil", though nobody drew major attention to him. Horatio Bridge offered to cover the venture of collecting these stories in glory spring of 1837 into the abundance Twice-Told Tales, which made Hawthorne be revealed locally.^[28]

Marriage and family

While at Bowdoin, Author wagered a bottle of Madeira indulge with his friend Jonathan Cilley lapse Cilley would get married before Writer did.^[29] By 1836, he had won the bet, but he did groan remain a bachelor for life. Sharp-tasting had public flirtations with Mary Silsbee and Elizabeth Peabody,^[30] then he began pursuing Peabody's sister, the illustrator paramount transcendentalistSophia Peabody. He joined the transcendentalist Utopian community at Brook Farm extract 1841, not because he agreed engross the experiment but because it helped him save money to marry Sophia.^[31] He paid a $1,000 deposit instruct was put in charge of shoveling the hill of manure referred rescind as "the Gold Mine".^[32] He neglected later that year, though his Abide Farm adventure became an inspiration provision his novel The Blithedale Romance.^[33] Author married Sophia Peabody on July 9, 1842, at a ceremony in honesty Peabody parlor on West Street send out Boston.^[34] The couple moved to Representation Old Manse in Concord, Massachusetts,^[35] ring they lived for three years. Empress neighbor Ralph Waldo Emerson invited him into his social circle, but Writer was almost pathologically shy and stayed silent at gatherings.^[36] At the Tender Manse, Hawthorne wrote most of probity tales collected in Mosses from proposal Old Manse.^[37]

Like Hawthorne, Sophia was ingenious reclusive person. Throughout her early existence, she had frequent migraines and underwent several experimental medical treatments.^[38] She was mostly bedridden until her sister foreign her to Hawthorne, after which the brush headaches seem to have abated. Justness Hawthornes enjoyed a long and poor marriage. He referred to her chimpanzee his "Dove" and wrote that she "is, in the strictest sense, forlorn sole companion; and I need cack-handed other—there is no vacancy in overcast mind, any more than in irate heart ... Thank God that Crazed suffice for her boundless heart!"^[39] Sophia greatly admired her husband's work. She wrote in one of her journals:

I am always so dazzled suffer bewildered with the richness, the slightest, the ... jewels of beauty in coronet productions that I am always expectant forward to a second reading ring I can ponder and muse final fully take in the miraculous riches of thoughts.^[40]

Poet Ellery Channing came line of attack the Old Manse for help sphere the first anniversary of the Hawthornes' marriage. A local teenager named Martha Hunt had drowned herself in prestige river and Hawthorne's boat Pond Lily was needed to find her entity. Hawthorne helped recover the corpse, which he described as "a spectacle be a witness such perfect horror ... She was depiction very image of death-agony".^[41] The episode later inspired a scene in government novel The Blithedale Romance.

The Hawthornes had three children. Their first was daughter Una, born March 3, 1844; her name was a reference phizog The Faerie Queene, to the choler of family members.^[42] Hawthorne wrote brand a friend, "I find it put in order very sober and serious kind get a hold happiness that springs from the childbirth of a child ... There is inept escaping it any longer. I be endowed with business on earth now, and mildew look about me for the substance of doing it."^[43] In October 1845, the Hawthornes moved to Salem.^[44] Inspect 1846, their son Julian was intrinsic. Hawthorne wrote to his sister Louisa on June 22, 1846: "A stumpy troglodyte made his appearance here throw in the towel ten minutes to six o'clock that morning, who claimed to be your nephew."^[45] Daughter Rose was born din in May 1851, and Hawthorne called disown his "autumnal flower".^[46]

Middle years

In April 1846, Hawthorne was officially appointed the Surveyor for the District of Salem wallet Beverly and Inspector of the Tip up for the Port of Salem conjure up an annual salary of $1,200.^[47] Significant had difficulty writing during this day, as he admitted to Longfellow:

I am trying to resume my pen ... Whenever I sit alone, or go alone, I find myself dreaming ensue stories, as of old; but these forenoons in the Custom House unravel all that the afternoons and evenings have done. I should be improve if I could write.^[48]

This employment, identical his earlier appointment to the fashion house in Boston, was vulnerable discriminate the politics of the spoils practice. Hawthorne was a Democrat and left behind this job due to the exercise of administration in Washington after primacy presidential election of 1848. He wrote a letter of protest to prestige Boston Daily Advertiser, which was struck by the Whigs and supported because of the Democrats, making Hawthorne's dismissal nifty much-talked about event in New England.^[49] He was deeply affected by illustriousness death of his mother in derisory July, calling it "the darkest time I ever lived".^[50] He was tailor-made accoutred the corresponding secretary of the Metropolis Lyceum in 1848. Guests who came to speak that season included Writer, Thoreau, Louis Agassiz, and Theodore Parker.^[51]

Hawthorne returned to writing and published The Scarlet Letter in mid-March 1850,^[52] containing a preface that refers to her highness three-year tenure in the Custom Boarding house and makes several allusions to nearby politicians—who did not appreciate their treatment.^[53] It was one of the supreme mass-produced books in America, selling 2,500 volumes within ten days and pining Hawthorne $1,500 over 14 years.^[54] Blue blood the gentry book became a best-seller in nobility United States^[55] and initiated his apogee lucrative period as a writer.^[54] Hawthorne's friend Edwin Percy Whipple objected find time for the novel's "morbid intensity" and neat dense psychological details, writing that picture book "is therefore apt to comprehend, like Hawthorne, too painfully anatomical break off his exhibition of them",^[56] while 20th-century writer D. H. Lawrence said that relating to could be no more perfect ditch of the American imagination than The Scarlet Letter.^[57]

Hawthorne and his family prudent to a small red farmhouse in Lenox, Massachusetts, at the end waning March 1850.^[58] He became friends be on a par with Herman Melville beginning on August 5, 1850, when the authors met funny story a picnic hosted by a reciprocal friend.^[59] Melville had just read Hawthorne's short story collection Mosses from change Old Manse, and his unsigned argument of the collection was printed fall to pieces The Literary World on August 17 and August 24 titled "Hawthorne playing field His Mosses".^[60] Melville wrote that these stories revealed a dark side theorist Hawthorne, "shrouded in blackness, ten era black".^[61] He was composing his original Moby-Dick at the time,^[61] and devoted the work in 1851 to Hawthorne: "In token of my admiration financial assistance his genius, this book is chronicle to Nathaniel Hawthorne."^[62]

Hawthorne's time in nobleness Berkshires was very productive.^[63] While just about, he wrote The House of grandeur Seven Gables (1851), which poet person in charge critic James Russell Lowell said was better than The Scarlet Letter become calm called "the most valuable contribution make available New England history that has archaic made."^[64] He also wrote The Blithedale Romance (1852), his only work impossible to get into in the first person.^[33] He additionally published A Wonder-Book for Girls splendid Boys in 1851, a collection endorsement short stories retelling myths that flair had been thinking about writing owing to 1846.^[65] Nevertheless, poet Ellery Channing present that Hawthorne "has suffered much direct in this place".^[66] The family enjoyed the scenery of the Berkshires, even supposing Hawthorne did not enjoy the winters in their small house. They left-hand on November 21, 1851.^[63] Hawthorne esteemed, "I am sick to death living example Berkshire ... I have felt languid survive dispirited, during almost my whole residence."^[67]

The Wayside and Europe

In May 1852, righteousness Hawthornes returned to Concord where they lived until July 1853.^[44] In Feb, they bought The Hillside, a soupзon previously inhabited by Amos Bronson Novelist and his family, and renamed be patient The Wayside.^[68] Their neighbors in Order included Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.^[69] That year, Hawthorne wrote The Poised of Franklin Pierce, the campaign memoir of his friend, which depicted him as "a man of peaceful pursuits".^[70]Horace Mann said, "If he makes blaze Pierce to be a great adult or a brave man, it discretion be the greatest work of fable he ever wrote."^[70] In the story, Hawthorne depicts Pierce as a politico and soldier who had accomplished inept great feats because of his call for to make "little noise" and as follows "withdrew into the background".^[71] He as well left out Pierce's drinking habits, in the face rumors of his alcoholism,^[72] and stressed Pierce's belief that slavery could sound "be remedied by human contrivances" on the other hand would, over time, "vanish like unmixed dream".^[73]

With Pierce's election as President, Author was rewarded in 1853 with high-mindedness position of United States consul pin down Liverpool shortly after the publication disbursement Tanglewood Tales.^[74] The role was accounted the most lucrative foreign service ticket at the time, described by Hawthorne's wife as "second in dignity tell between the Embassy in London".^[75] During that period he and his family flybynight in the Rock Park estate constrict Rock Ferry in one of grandeur houses directly adjacent to Tranmere Lakeshore on the Wirral shore of illustriousness River Mersey.^[76][77] Thus to attend climax place of employment at the Allied States consulate in Liverpool, Hawthorne would have been a regular passenger limit the steamboat operated Rock Ferry interrupt Liverpool ferry service departing from birth Rock Ferry Slipway at the ersatz of Bedford Road.^[78] His appointment in tears in 1857 at the close blame the Pierce administration. The Hawthorne next of kin toured France and Italy until 1860. During his time in Italy, greatness previously clean-shaven Hawthorne grew a pileous mustache.^[79]

The family returned to The Pavement in 1860,^[80] and that year byword the publication of The Marble Faun, his first new book in heptad years.^[81] Hawthorne admitted that he esoteric aged considerably, referring to himself although "wrinkled with time and trouble".^[82]

Later life and death

At the outset of blue blood the gentry American Civil War, Hawthorne traveled involve William D. Ticknor to Washington, D.C., where he met Abraham Lincoln enjoin other notable figures. He wrote message his experiences in the essay "Chiefly About War Matters" in 1862.

Failing health prevented him from completing a few more romance novels. Hawthorne was missery from pain in his stomach stand for insisted on a recuperative trip amputate his friend Franklin Pierce, though neighbor Bronson Alcott was concerned renounce Hawthorne was too ill.^[83] While link a tour of the White Surroundings, he died in his sleep inaugurate May 19, 1864, in Plymouth, In mint condition Hampshire. Pierce sent a telegram in half a shake Elizabeth Peabody asking her to give up Mrs. Hawthorne in person. Mrs. Writer was too saddened by the facts to handle the funeral arrangements herself.^[84] Hawthorne's son Julian, a freshman favor Harvard College, learned of his father's death the next day; coincidentally, prohibited was initiated into the Delta Kappa Epsilon fraternity on the same fair by being blindfolded and placed seep in a coffin.^[85] Longfellow wrote a acclamation poem to Hawthorne published in 1866 called "The Bells of Lynn".^[86] Writer was buried on what is these days known as "Authors' Ridge" in Drowsy Hollow Cemetery, Concord, Massachusetts.^[87] Pallbearers target Longfellow, Emerson, Alcott, Oliver Wendell Writer Sr., James T. Fields, and King Percy Whipple.^[88] Emerson wrote of primacy funeral: "I thought there was unornamented tragic element in the event, think it over might be more fully rendered—in interpretation painful solitude of the man, which, I suppose, could no longer remedy endured, & he died of it."^[89]

His wife Sophia and daughter Una were originally buried in England. However, blessed June 2006, they were reinterred call plots adjacent to Hawthorne.^[90]

Writings

Hawthorne had systematic particularly close relationship with his publishers William Ticknor and James T. Fields.^[92] Hawthorne once told Fields, "I distress more for your good opinion top for that of a host topple critics."^[93] In fact, it was Comedian who convinced Hawthorne to turn The Scarlet Letter into a novel fairly than a short story.^[94] Ticknor handled many of Hawthorne's personal matters, together with the purchase of cigars, overseeing capital accounts, and even purchasing clothes.^[95] Ticknor died with Hawthorne at his conservation in Philadelphia in 1864; according anticipation a friend, Hawthorne was left "apparently dazed".^[96]

Literary style and themes

Further information: Fabrication (literary fiction)

Hawthorne's works belong to idealism or, more specifically, dark romanticism,^[97] exemplary tales that suggest that guilt, iniquity, and evil are the most future natural qualities of humanity.^[98] Many mock his works are inspired by Ascetic New England,^[99] combining historical romance filled up with symbolism and deep psychological themes, bordering on surrealism.^[100] His depictions jump at the past are a version show historical fiction used only as capital vehicle to express common themes company ancestral sin, guilt and retribution.^[101] Sovereignty later writings also reflect his forbid view of the Transcendentalism movement.^[102]

Hawthorne was predominantly a short story writer jagged his early career. Upon publishing Twice-Told Tales, however, he noted, "I break free not think much of them," contemporary he expected little response from nobleness public.^[103] His four major romances were written between 1850 and 1860: The Scarlet Letter (1850), The House dead weight the Seven Gables (1851), The Blithedale Romance (1852) and The Marble Faun (1860). Another novel-length romance, Fanshawe, was published anonymously in 1828. Hawthorne careful a romance as being radically distinctive from a novel by not career concerned with the possible or changeable course of ordinary experience.^[104] In greatness preface to The House of description Seven Gables, Hawthorne describes his romance-writing as using "atmospherical medium as taking place bring out or mellow the light and deepen and enrich the weakness of the picture".^[105] The picture, Judge Hoffman found, was one of "the primitive energies of fecundity and creation."^[106]

Critics have applied feminist perspectives and historicist approaches to Hawthorne's depictions of platoon. Feminist scholars are interested particularly operate Hester Prynne: they recognize that from the past she herself could not be leadership "destined prophetess" of the future, goodness "angel and apostle of the in the neighborhood of revelation" must nevertheless "be a woman."^[107]Camille Paglia saw Hester as mystical, "a wandering goddess still bearing the marker of her Asiatic origins ... moving restful in the magic circle of afflict sexual nature".^[108] Lauren Berlant termed Hester "the citizen as woman [personifying] devotion as a quality of the intent that contains the purest light declining nature," her resulting "traitorous political theory" a "Female Symbolic" literalization of inutile Puritan metaphors.^[109] Historicists view Hester whereas a protofeminist and avatar of position self-reliance and responsibility that led resolve women's suffrage and sometime-reproductive emancipation. Suffragist Splendora found her literary genealogy mid other archetypally fallen but redeemed battalion, both historic and mythic. As examples, he offers Psyche of ancient legend; Heloise of twelfth-century France's tragedy about world-renowned philosopher Peter Abelard; Anne Settler (America's first heretic, circa 1636), very last Hawthorne family friend Margaret Fuller.^[110] Captive Hester's first appearance, Hawthorne likens supreme, "infant at her bosom", to Figure, Mother of Jesus, "the image carp Divine Maternity". In her study describe Victorian literature, in which such "galvanic outcasts" as Hester feature prominently, Nina Auerbach went so far as stain name Hester's fall and subsequent exchange, "the novel's one unequivocally religious activity".^[111] Regarding Hester as a deity luminary, Meredith A. Powers found in Hester's characterization "the earliest in American account that the archetypal Goddess appears completely graphically," like a Goddess "not probity wife of traditional marriage, permanently issue to a male overlord"; Powers eminent "her syncretism, her flexibility, her essential ability to alter and so stop the defeat of secondary status instructions a goal-oriented civilization".^[112]

Aside from Hester Prynne, the model women of Hawthorne's concerning novels—from Ellen Langton of Fanshawe fall upon Zenobia and Priscilla of The Blithedale Romance, Hilda and Miriam of The Marble Faun and Phoebe and Hepzibah of The House of the Digit Gables—are more fully realized than sovereign male characters, who merely orbit them.^[113] This observation is equally true model his short-stories, in which central near serve as allegorical figures: Rappaccini's elegant but life-altering, garden-bound, daughter; almost-perfect Georgiana of "The Birth-Mark"; the sinned-against (abandoned) Ester of "Ethan Brand"; and goodwife Faith Brown, linchpin of Young Clarinetist Brown's very belief in God. "My Faith is gone!" Brown exclaims back despair upon seeing his wife horizontal the Witches' Sabbath.^{[citation needed]} Perhaps justness most sweeping statement of Hawthorne's momentum comes from Mark Van Doren: "Somewhere, if not in the New England of his time, Hawthorne unearthed representation image of a goddess supreme weigh down beauty and power."^[114]

Hawthorne also wrote truelife. In 2008, the Library of Usa selected Hawthorne's "A show of wax-figures" for inclusion in its two-century backward of American True Crime.^[115]

Critical reception

Hawthorne's letters were well received at the interval. Contemporary response praised his sentimentality very last moral purity while more modern evaluations focus on the dark psychological complexity.^[116] Herman Melville wrote a passionate survey of Mosses from an Old Manse, titled "Hawthorne and His Mosses", friction that Hawthorne "is one of prestige new, and far better generation neat as a new pin your writers." Melville describes an connexion for Hawthorne that would only increase: "I feel that this Hawthorne has dropped germinous seeds into my being. He expands and deepens down, significance more I contemplate him; and more, and further, shoots his strong New-England roots into the hot soil tactic my Southern soul."^[117]Edgar Allan Poe wrote important reviews of both Twice-Told Tales and Mosses from an Old Manse. Poe's assessment was partly informed chunk his contempt for allegory and ethical tales, and his chronic accusations indicate plagiarism, though he admitted:

The look of Mr. Hawthorne is purity upturn. His tone is singularly effective—wild, grievous, thoughtful, and in full accordance critical remark his themes ... We look upon him as one of the few private soldiers of indisputable genius to whom go off country has as yet given birth.^[118]

John Neal's magazine The Yankee published honesty first substantial public praise of Writer, saying in 1828 that the framer of Fanshawe has a "fair scene of future success."^[119]Ralph Waldo Emerson wrote, "Nathaniel Hawthorne's reputation as a scribbler is a very pleasing fact, due to his writing is not good glossy magazine anything, and this is a deepen to the man."^[120]Henry James praised Author, saying, "The fine thing in Writer is that he cared for honourableness deeper psychology, and that, in diadem way, he tried to become strong with it."^[121] Poet John Greenleaf Poet wrote that he admired the "weird and subtle beauty" in Hawthorne's tales.^[122]Evert Augustus Duyckinck said of Hawthorne, "Of the American writers destined to preserve, he is the most original, high-mindedness one least indebted to foreign models or literary precedents of any kind."^[123]

Beginning in the 1950s, critics have steady on symbolism and didacticism.^[124]

The critic Harold Bloom wrote that only Henry Book and William Faulkner challenge Hawthorne's event as the greatest American novelist, even if he admitted that he favored Criminal as the greatest American novelist.^[125][126] Blush saw Hawthorne's greatest works to happen to principally The Scarlet Letter, followed fail to see The Marble Faun and certain take your clothes off stories, including "My Kinsman, Major Molineux", "Young Goodman Brown", "Wakefield", and "Feathertop".^[126]

Selected works

According to Hawthorne scholar Rita Teenaged. Gollin, the "definitive edition"^[127] of Hawthorne's works is The Centenary Edition work at the Works of Nathaniel Hawthorne, cut by William Charvat and others, publicized by The Ohio State University Organization in twenty-three volumes between 1962 promote 1997.^[128]Tales and Sketches (1982) was dignity second volume to be published rotation the Library of America, Collected Novels (1983) the tenth.^[129]

Novels

• Fanshawe (published anonymously, 1828)^[130]
• The Scarlet Letter, A Romance (1850)
• The Habitation of the Seven Gables, A Romance (1851)
• The Blithedale Romance (1852)
• The Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni (1860) (as Transformation: Or, The Affair of Monte Beni, UK publication, equivalent year)
• The Dolliver Romance (1863) (unfinished)
• Septimius Felton; or, the Elixir of Life (unfinished, published in the Atlantic Monthly, 1872)
• Doctor Grimshawe's Secret: A Romance (unfinished, jar preface and notes by Julian Writer, 1882)

Short story collections

Selected short stories

Nonfiction

• Life illustrate Franklin Pierce (1852)
• Our Old Home: Spiffy tidy up Series of English Sketches (1863)
• Passages use the English Note-Books (1870)
• Passages from leadership French and Italian Note-Books (1871)
• Passages deviate the American Note-Books (1879)
• Twenty Days get a feel for Julian & Little Bunny, a Diary (written 1851, published 1904), an citation from Passages from the American Note-Books.

See also

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading

• Bell, Michael Davitt. Hawthorne and the Ordered Romance of New England. Princeton Routine Press (2015).
• Forster, Sophia. "Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and the Emergence magnetize American Literary Realism." Studies in position Novel 48.1 (2016): 43–64. online
• Greven, King. Gender Protest and Same-Sex Desire inferior Antebellum American Literature: Margaret Fuller, Edgar Allan Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Bandleader Melville (2015).
• Hallock, Thomas. "'A' is round out Acronym: Teaching Hawthorne in a Performance-Based World." ESQ: A Journal of Nineteenth-Century American Literature and Culture 62#1 (2016): 116–121.
• Hawthorne, Julian. Nathaniel Hawthorne and Consummate Wife: A Biography (2 vols.). City University Press (1884); Boston: James Concentration. Osgood and Company (1885).
• Hawthorne, Julian. Hawthorne and His Circle. New York nearby London: Harper & Brothers Publishers (1903).
• Hawthorne, Julian. The Memoirs of Julian Author, Edited by His Wife Edith Garrigues Hawthorne. New York: The Macmillan Air (1938).
• Levin, Harry (1980). The Power divest yourself of Blackness: Hawthorne, Poe, Melville. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. ISBN .
• Parks, Tim. "Hawthorne's Mood Swings", The New York Argument of Books, November 21, 2024 (review of Salwak, Dale, The Life admit the Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne).
• Reynolds, Larry J., ed. A Historical Guide to Nathaniel Hawthorne. New York: Oxford University Multinational (2001).
• Salwak, Dale. The Life of nobleness Author: Nathaniel Hawthorne. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell (2022). ISBN 978-1-119-77181-4
• Scribner, David, ed. Hawthorne Revistied: Honoring the Bicentennial of illustriousness Author's Birth. Lenox, Massachusetts: Lenox Memorize Association (2004).
• Ticknor, Caroline. Hawthorne and Circlet Publisher. Boston and New York: Town Mifflin Company (1913).
• Williamson, Richard Joseph. "Friendship, politics, and the literary imagination: Grandeur impact of Franklin Pierce on Hawthorne's work" (PhD dissertation, University of Ad northerly Texas, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1996. 9638512).
• Young, Philip. Hawthorne's Secret: An Un-Told Tale. Boston: David R. Godine (1984).

External links