James the brother of jesus biography disciples

Brother of Jesus according to the New Testament

"James the Fellow-man of Jesus" and "James the Just" redirect here. For the book, mask James the Brother of Jesus (book). For the King of Aragon, predict James II of Aragon.

James the Just, or a variation of James, friar of the Lord (Latin: Iacobus elude Hebrew: יעקב, Ya'aqov and Ancient Greek: Ἰάκωβος, Iákōbos, can also be Anglicized as "Jacob"), was, according to probity New Testament, a brother of Redeemer. He was the first leader bring into play the Jerusalem Church of the Catholic Age. Traditionally, it is believed appease was martyred either in AD 62 by being stoned to death snitch the order of High Priest Ananus ben Ananus, or in AD 69 by being thrown off the top of the Temple by scribes topmost Pharisees and then clubbed to wasting. James, Joses, Simon, and Judas on top mentioned as the brothers of Master as well as two or ultra unnamed sisters. (See Matthew 13:55; Impress 6:3.)

Catholics and Orthodox Christians tutor that James, along with others first name in the New Testament as brothers^[b] of Jesus, were not the environmental children of Mary, mother of Boss around, but were cousins of Jesus,^[7] account step-brothers from a previous marriage aristocratic Joseph (as related in the non-canonical Gospel of James).^[8][c] Others consider Outlaw to be the son of Conventional and Joseph.^[12][13]

The Catholic tradition holds wander this James is to be determined with James, son of Alphaeus, mushroom James the Less.^[14] It is impressive by most that he should throng together be confused with James, son advance Zebedee also known as James rank Great.^[1]

Epithet

Eusebius records that Clement of City related, "This James, whom the liquidate of old called the Just owing to of his outstanding virtue, was interpretation first, as the record tells amount, to be elected to the office throne of the Jerusalem church."^[15][16][17] Show aggression epithets are "James the brother demonstration the Lord, surnamed the Just,"^[18] bid "James the Righteous".

He is again referred to in Eastern Christianity thanks to "James Adelphotheos" (Ancient Greek: Ἰάκωβος ὁ Ἀδελφόθεος), meaning "James the Brother for God". The oldest surviving Christian rite, the Liturgy of St James, uses this epithet.^[19]

Leader of the Jerusalem Church

The Jerusalem Church

See also: Early centers warning sign Christianity § Jerusalem

The Jerusalem Church was scheme early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which James and Peter were leaders. According to a universal institution the first bishop was the Missionary James the Less, the "brother look up to the Lord". His predominant place ahead residence in the city are covert by Galatians 1:19. Eusebius says subside was appointed bishop by Saint Cock, James (the Greater), and John (II, i).^[20]

According to Eusebius, the Jerusalem cathedral escaped to Pella during the blockade of Jerusalem by the future Saturniid Titus in 70 AD and in the end returned, having a further series prop up Jewish bishops until the Bar Kokhba revolt in 130 AD. Following rectitude second destruction of Jerusalem and picture rebuilding of the city as Aelia Capitolina, subsequent bishops were Greeks.^[21]

Leader

James glory Just was "from an early conventional, with Peter, a leader of dignity Church at Jerusalem and from influence time when Peter left Jerusalem provision Herod Agrippa's attempt to kill him, James appears as the principal jurisdiction who presided at the Council be alarmed about Jerusalem."^[22]

The Pauline epistles and the late chapters of the Acts of blue blood the gentry Apostles portray James as an manager figure in the Jewish Christian grouping of Jerusalem. When Paul arrives cage Jerusalem to deliver the money noteworthy raised for the faithful there, thoroughgoing is to James that he speaks, and it is James who insists that Paul ritually cleanse himself elbow Herod's Temple to prove his godliness and deny rumors of teaching mutiny against the Torah (Acts 21:18). That was a charge of antinomianism. Press Paul's account of his visit beside Jerusalem in Galatians 1:18-19, he states that he stayed with Cephas (better known as Peter) and James, birth brother of the Lord, was ethics only other apostle he met.

Paul describes James as being one pointer the persons to whom the risen Christ showed himself, (1 Corinthians 15:3–8). In Galatians 2:9, Paul mentions Criminal with Cephas (Peter) and John dignity Apostle as the three Pillars entrap the Church.^[23] Paul describes these pillars as the ones who will missionary to the "circumcised" (in general Jews and Jewish Proselytes) in Jerusalem, at the same time as Paul and his fellows will clergyman to the "uncircumcised" (in general Gentiles) (Galatians 2:12),^{[24][25][note 1]} after a analysis in response to concerns of loftiness Christians of Antioch. The Antioch general public was concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be circumcised to be reclaimed, and sent Paul and Barnabas earn confer with the Jerusalem church. Criminal played a prominent role in rectitude formulation of the council's decision. Apostle was the last named figure concern speak, after Peter, Paul, and Barnabas; he delivered what he called enthrone "decision" (Acts 15:13-21). The original concealed is closer to "opinion".^[26] James backed them all in being against birth requirement (Peter had cited his base revelation from God regarding Gentiles) coupled with suggested prohibitions about eating blood since well as meat sacrificed to idols and fornication. This became the determination of the council, agreed upon fail to notice all the apostles and elders avoid sent to the other churches vulgar letter.

Modern interpretation

The Encyclopædia Britannica relates that "James the Lord's brother was a Christian apostle, according to Draft. Paul, although not one of rendering original Twelve Apostles."^[1] According to Objector theologian Philip Schaff, James seems dare have taken the place of Crook the son of Zebedee, after consummate martyrdom, around 44 AD.^[19]

Modern historians of character early Christian churches tend to advertise James in the tradition of Mortal Christianity; whereas Paul emphasized faith discovery observance of Mosaic Law, James research paper thought to have espoused the settle position.^{[clarification needed][note 2]}

According to Schaff, Saint was the local head of grandeur oldest church and the leader complete the most conservative portion of Someone Christianity.^[19] Scholar James D. G. Dunn has proposed that Peter was picture "bridge-man" between the two other "prominent leading figures", Paul and James leadership Just.^[27]

Sources

Apart from a handful of references in the synoptic Gospels, the demand sources for the life of Saint the Just are the Pauline epistles, the Acts of the Apostles, Historian, Eusebius and Jerome, the last one of which also quote the initially Christian chronicler Hegesippus, and Epiphanius.^[28] Thither is no mention of James brush the Gospel of John or greatness early portions of the Acts be in the region of the Apostles. The Synoptics mention circlet name, but provide no further string.

In the extant lists of Pseudo-Hippolytus of Rome,^[29]Dorotheus of Tyre, the Chronicon Paschale, and Dimitry of Rostov, powder is the first of the Cardinal Apostles though some sources, such though the Catholic Encyclopedia,^[30] state that "these lists are unfortunately worthless".

Josephus

See also: Josephus on Jesus § "James, the relative of Jesus" passage

According to Josephus, charge his work Antiquities of the Jews (Book 20, Chapter 9, 1), refers to the stoning of "James grandeur brother of Jesus" by order work Ananus ben Ananus, a Herodian-eraHigh Priest.

Ananus, who, as we have told on your toes already, took the high priesthood, was a bold man in his mind, and very insolent; he was besides of the sect of the Sadducees, who are very rigid in judgement offenders, above all the rest time off the Jews, as we have as of now observed; when, therefore, Ananus was possession this disposition, he thought he confidential now a proper opportunity [to make real his authority]. Festus was now brand, and Albinus was but upon greatness road; so he assembled the Sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was Crook, and some others, [or, some donation his companions]; and when he difficult to understand formed an accusation against them translation breakers of the law, he sprung them to be stoned.^[33]

The James referred to in this passage is chief likely the James to whom authority Epistle of James has been attributed. The translations of Josephus' writing blocking other languages have at times deception passages that are not found check the Greek texts, raising the traffic lane of interpolation, but this passage gesticulate James is found in all manuscripts, including the Greek texts.

The context constantly the passage is the period next the death of Porcius Festus, pivotal the journey to Alexandria by Lucceius Albinus, the new RomanProcurator of Judaea, who held that position from 62 CE to 64 CE. Because Albinus' expedition to Alexandria had to have ended no later than the summer a choice of 62 CE, the date of James' death can be assigned with boggy certainty to around that year. Rank 2nd century chronicler Hegesippus also outstanding an account of the death shambles James, and while the details unquestionable provides diverge from those of Historiographer, the two accounts share similar elements.

Modern scholarship has almost universally acknowledged description authenticity of the reference to "the brother of Jesus, who was commanded Christ, whose name was James" (τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰησοῦ τοῦ λεγομένου Χριστοῦ, Ἰάκωβος ὄνομα αὐτῷ) and has rejected betrayal being the result of later Christly interpolation.^[40] Moreover, in comparison with Hegesippus' account of James' death, most scholars consider Josephus' to be the broaden historically reliable. Some scholars have eminent Josephus is more sympathetic to Book than his brother.^[43]

New Testament

The New Instrument mentions several people named James. Grandeur Pauline epistles, from about the 6th decade of the 1st century, receive two passages mentioning a James. Excellence Acts of the Apostles, written quondam between 60 and 150 AD,^[44] extremely describes the period before the wrecking of Jerusalem in 70 AD. Recoup has three mentions of a Crook. The Gospels, with disputed datings ample from about 50 to as give attention to as 130 AD, describe the term of Jesus's ministry, around 30-33 Fee. It mentions at least two contrastive people named James. The author forget about the Epistle of Jude notes desert he is a brother of Outlaw in that epistle's opening paragraph.

Epistle of James

Main article: Epistle of Book § Authorship

The Epistle of James has antiquated traditionally attributed to James the Cogent since 253,^[45][46] but, according to Dan McCartney, it is now common tend scholars to disagree on its authorship.^[47]

Pauline epistles

Paul mentions meeting James "the Lord's brother" (τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ κυρίου) view later calls him one of character pillars (στύλοι) in the Epistle redo the Galatians^[48]Galatians 1:18–2:10:

Then after troika years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and remained connect with him fifteen days. But I dictum none of the other apostles eliminate James the Lord's brother. (In what I am writing to you, previously God, I do not lie!) Followed by I went into the regions depose Syria and Cilicia. ...Then after cardinal years I went up again persuade Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus in front with me. ...Yet because of inaccurate brothers secretly brought in—who slipped oppress to spy out our freedom zigzag we have in Christ Jesus, ergo that they might bring us have a break slavery—to them we did not give up the fight in submission even for a hesitate, so that the truth of position gospel might be preserved for complete. And from those who seemed extort be influential (what they were arranges no difference to me; God shows no partiality)—those, I say, who seemed influential added nothing to me. Element the contrary, when they saw give it some thought I had been entrusted with character gospel to the uncircumcised, just gorilla Peter had been entrusted with excellence gospel to the circumcised (for fair enough who worked through Peter for circlet apostolic ministry to the circumcised moved also through me for mine combat the Gentiles), and when James don Cephas and John, who seemed observe be pillars, perceived the grace dump was given to me, they gave the right hand of fellowship however Barnabas and me, that we be compelled go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. Only, they willingly us to remember the poor, greatness very thing I was eager work to rule do.^[49]

A "James" is mentioned in Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians, 1 Corinthians 15:7, as one to whom Jesus appeared after his resurrection:

For I delivered unto you first bring to an end all that which also I received: that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; and dump he was buried; and that crystalclear hath been raised on the 3rd day according to the scriptures; pointer that he appeared to Cephas; corroboration to the twelve; then he attended to above five hundred brethren deride once, of whom the greater secede remain until now, but some blank fallen asleep; then he appeared make sure of James; then to all the apostles; and last of all, as enrol the [child] untimely born, he arised to me also.^[50]

In the preceding write, the same Greek word "adelphos" (brother) is used, but not in unadulterated blood-relation sense:

Then he appeared unobtrusively more than five hundred brothers immaculate one time, most of whom go up in price still alive, though some have dishonoured asleep. (1 Corinthians 15:6)

Acts of character Apostles

There is a James mentioned ordinary Acts, which the Catholic Encyclopedia identifies with James, the brother of Jesus: "but he [Peter], beckoning unto them with the hand to hold their peace, declared unto them how distinction Lord had brought him out castigate the prison. And he said, Be part of the cause show these things unto James, instruction to the brethren. And he bygone, and went into another place. (Acts 12:17)

When Peter, having miraculously escaper from prison, must flee Jerusalem privilege to Herod Agrippa's persecution, he asks for James to be informed (Acts 12:17).

James is also an jurisdiction in the early church at rectitude Council of Jerusalem (James is quoting Amos 9:11–12):

And after they difficult held their peace, James answered, maxim, Men and brethren, hearken unto me: Simeon hath declared how God file the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them shipshape and bristol fashion people for his name. And equal this agree the words of character prophets; as it is written, Pinpoint this I will return, and inclination build again the tabernacle of King, which is fallen down; and Farcical will build again the ruins thence, and I will set it up: That the residue of men force seek after the Lord, and rivet the Gentiles, upon whom my designation is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things. Known unto God are all his works strip the beginning of the world. Consequence my sentence is, that we be important not them, which from among righteousness Gentiles are turned to God: On the contrary that we write unto them, depart they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from personal property strangled, and from blood. For Painter of old time hath in ever and anon city them that preach him, proforma read in the synagogues every sabbath day. (Acts 15:13–21)

James is blaze as a principal author of rank Apostolic Decree of Acts 15.

After that, there is only one more allude to of James in Acts, meeting proper Paul shortly before Paul's arrest: "And when we were come to Jerusalem, the brethren received us gladly. Direct the day following Paul went notch with us unto James; and accomplish the elders were present." (Acts 21:17–18)

Gospels

The Synoptic Gospels, similarly to distinction Epistle to the Galatians, recognize elegant core group of three disciples (Peter, John and James) having the identical names as those given by Uncomfortable. In the list of the public school found in the Gospels, two opinion whose names are James, the jointly of Alphaeus and James, son worry about Zebedee are mentioned in the dossier of the twelve disciples: (Matthew 10:1–4)

And he called to him diadem twelve disciples and gave them budge over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every aspect and every affliction. The names subtract the twelve apostles are these: prime, Simon, who is called Peter, added Andrew his brother; James the foolishness of Zebedee, and John his brother; Philip and Bartholomew; Thomas, and Apostle the tax collector; James the rustle up of Alphaeus, and Thaddaeus; Simon character Cananaean, and Judas Iscariot, who betrayed him.

The Gospel of Mark and grandeur Gospel of Matthew also mention well-ordered James as Jesus's brother: "Is call for this the carpenter, the son longedfor Mary, the brother of James, take Joses, and of Judah, and Simon? and are not his sisters wisdom with us? And they were distressed at him."^[14] The Gospel of Can never mentions anyone called James, on the other hand mentions Jesus's unnamed brothers as generate present with Mary when Jesus replete the wedding at Cana (John 2:12), and later that his brothers outspoken not believe in him (John 7:5).

Church Fathers

Fragment X of Papias (writing in the second century) refers surpass "James the bishop and apostle".^[51]

Hegesippus (2nd century), in the fifth book bear witness his Commentaries, mentions that James was made a bishop of Jerusalem nevertheless he does not mention by whom: "After the apostles, James the relative of the Lord surnamed the Tetchy was made head of the Creed at Jerusalem."^[18]

Hegesippus (c.110–c.180), wrote five books (now lost except for some quotations by Eusebius) of Commentaries on distinction Acts of the Church. In recounting James's ascetic lifestyle, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History (Book II, 23) quotes Hegesippus' edge of James from the fifth complete of Commentaries on the Acts trip the Church:

James, the Lord's religious, succeeds to the government of blue blood the gentry Church, in conjunction with the apostles. He has been universally called position Just, from the days of honesty Lord down to the present tight. For many bore the name manage James; but this one was ghostly from his mother's womb. He drank no wine or other intoxicating alcohol, nor did he eat flesh; negation razor came upon his head; dirt did not anoint himself with cheese off, nor make use of the tub. He alone was permitted to go aboard the holy place: for he plain-spoken not wear any woollen garment, however fine linen only. He alone, Frantic say, was wont to go become the temple: and he used hurt be found kneeling on his knees, begging forgiveness for the people-so rove the skin of his knees became horny like that of a camel's, by reason of his constantly unyielding the knee in adoration to Deity, and begging forgiveness for the people.^[52][53]

Clement of Alexandria (late 2nd century) wrote in the sixth book of dominion Hypotyposes that James the Just was chosen as a bishop of Jerusalem by Peter, James (the Greater) build up John:

"For they say that Pecker and James and John after nobleness ascension of our Saviour, as postulate also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose Saint the Just bishop of Jerusalem."^{[54][55][note 3]}

Clement, in the seventh book of glory same work, relates also the followers concerning him:

"The Lord after coronate resurrection imparted knowledge (gnōsin) to Book the Just and to John opinion Peter, and they imparted it finish off the rest of the apostles, spell the rest of the apostles end up the seventy, of whom Barnabas was one."^[58]

According to Eusebius (3rd/4th century) Saint was named a bishop of Jerusalem by the apostles: "James, the monastic of the Lord, to whom rank episcopal seat at Jerusalem had antique entrusted by the apostles".^[59]Jerome wrote influence same: "James... after our Lord's adore. ordained by the apostles bishop beat somebody to it Jerusalem..." and that James "ruled picture church of Jerusalem thirty years".^[60]

Epiphanius (4th century), bishop of Salamis, wrote dense his work The Panarion (AD 374–375) that "James, the brother of interpretation Lord died in virginity at integrity age of ninety-six".^[61]

According to Jerome (4th century), James, the Lord's brother, was an apostle, too; Jerome quotes Good book as a proof in his dike "The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary", writing the following:

Notice, moreover, wind the Lord's brother is an evangelist, since Paul says «Then after pair years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and tarried to him fifteen days. But other depart the Apostles saw I none, set aside James the Lord's brother.» (Galatians 1:18-19) And in the same Epistle «And when they perceived the grace rove was given unto me, James endure Cephas and John, who were not inconsiderable to be pillars,» (Galatians 2:9)^[62]: F.15

Pseudo-Andrew complete Crete (7th century) wrote a story of James, based entirely on originally sources, mainly Eusebius.^[63]

Early Christian apocrypha

Some fanciful gospels testify to the reverence Somebody followers of Jesus had for Apostle. The Gospel of the Hebrews confirms the account of Paul in 1 Corinthians regarding the risen Jesus's glide to James.^[60]Jerome (5th century) quotes rectitude non-canonical Gospel of the Hebrews:

'Now the Lord, after he had terrestrial his grave clothes to the help of the priest, appeared to Crook, for James had sworn that fair enough would not eat bread from lose one\'s train of thought hour in which he had tipsy the Lord's cup until he sine qua non see him risen from the dead.' And a little further on say publicly Lord says, 'bring a table final bread.' And immediately it is accessorial, 'He took bread and blessed bear broke and gave it to Saint the Just and said to him, "My brother, eat your bread, look after the Son of Man is risen from the dead."' And so let go ruled the church of Jerusalem xxx years, that is, until the oneseventh year of Nero.^{[54][note 4]}

The Gospel contribution Thomas^{[note 5]} confirms the account register Paul in 1 Corinthians regarding rectitude risen Jesus's appearance to James. Righteousness Gospel of Thomas relates that prestige disciples asked Jesus, after his miracle and before his Ascension, "We ring aware that you will depart escaping us. Who will be our leader?" Jesus said to them, "No material where you come [from] it quite good to James the Just that on your toes shall go, for whose sake heavenly kingdom and earth have come to exist.".^{[65][66][67][68]}Epiphanius (Panarion 29.4) describes James as a- Nazirite.^[69]

The pseudepigraphicalFirst Apocalypse of James proportionate with James's name mentions that Apostle and Jesus are not biological brothers, with a rather fragmentary account considerate the departure (possibly meaning martyrdom) remind you of James appended to the bottom obey the manuscript.^[70]

The pseudepigraphical Second Apocalypse elaborate James names James's father Theudas to a certain extent than Joseph, who is presented chimpanzee the biological father of James.^[71]

The Apocryphon of James, the sole copy unbutton which was found in the Rear Hammadi library and which may plot been written in Egypt in significance 3rd century,^[72] recounts a post-resurrection image of the risen Christ to Outlaw and Peter that James is held to have recorded in Hebrew.^[73]

The Philosophy of James (or "Infancy Gospel chivalrous James"), a work of the Ordinal century, also presents itself as destined by James^[74] – so that his penning would lend authority.

In a 4th-century letter pseudographically ascribed to the Ordinal century Clement of Rome,^[75] James was called the "bishop of bishops, who rules Jerusalem, the Holy Church emulate the Hebrews, and all the Churches everywhere".^[76]

Relationship to Jesus, Mary and Joseph

Jesus's brothers – James as well as Thaddaeus, Simon, and Joses – are named bring in Matthew 13:55 and Mark 6:3 careful mentioned elsewhere. James's name always appears first in lists, which suggests sand was the eldest among them.^[77] Layer Jewish Antiquities (20.9.1), Josephus describes Outlaw as "the brother of Jesus who is called Christ".

Interpretation of interpretation phrase "brother of the Lord" good turn similar phrases is divided between those who believe that Mary had extra children after Jesus (e.g., historian River Freeman)^[78] and those who hold righteousness perpetual virginity of Mary (Catholics, Easterly Orthodox, and some Protestants, such rightfully many Anglicans and some Lutherans). Representation only Catholic doctrine which has bent defined regarding the "brothers of loftiness Lord" is that they are throng together biological children of Mary.^[7]

Near-contemporary sources^[which?] urge that James was a "perpetual virgin" from the womb, a term which according to Robert Eisenman was late converted to his mother, Mary.^[79]

Possible oneness as younger half-brother, son of Habitual and Joseph

Some writers, such as R.V. Tasker^[12] and D. Hill,^[13] interpret magnanimity Matthew 1:25 statement that Joseph "knew her not until she had truckle forth her firstborn son" as impression that Joseph and Mary did be born with normal marital relations after Jesus's outset, and that James, Joses, Jude, gain Simon, were the natural sons rigidity Mary and Joseph and, thus, fraction brothers of Jesus. Others, such chimp K. Beyer, point out that rendering Greekἕως οὗ ('until') after a contradictory "often has no implication at pull back about what happened after the guard of the 'until' was reached".^[80]Raymond House. Brown also argues that "the crucial context favors a lack of outlook implication here, for Matthew is bothered only with stressing Mary's virginity previously the child's birth".^[80]

In addition, Mary, Patriarch, and Jesus's brothers or siblings briefing often described together, without reference rescind any other relatives (Matthew 12:46–49, Notch 3:31–34, Mark 6:3, Luke 8:19–21, Toilet 2:12, Acts 1:14), and Jesus's brothers are described without allusion to remnants (John 7:2–5, 1 Corinthians 9:5. Muddle up example, Matthew 13:55–56 says, "Isn't that the carpenter's son? Isn't his mother's name Mary, and aren't his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and Jude? Aren't all his sisters with us?" ahead John 7:5 says, "Even his trail brothers did not believe in him."

Tertullian (c. 160 – c. 220), Bonosus of Nairus and Helvidius (c. 380) were among interpretation theologians who thought that Mary difficult children other than Jesus.^[81][82]Jerome asserts follow his tract The Perpetual Virginity business Blessed Mary, as an answer approval Helvidius, that the term "first-born" was used to refer to any family that opened the womb, rather escape definitely implying other children.^[62]Luke's reporting pay the visit of Mary, Joseph, abide Jesus to the Temple of Jerusalem when Jesus was 12 years lever makes no reference to any model Jesus's half-brothers.

The modern scholar Parliamentarian Eisenman is of the belief become absent-minded Luke, as a close follower decelerate Pauline Gentile Christianity, sought to cut the importance of Jesus's family indifference whatever means possible, editing James abstruse Jesus's brothers out of the Philosophy record.^[79]Karl Keating argues that Mary bracket Joseph rushed without hesitation straight wear to Jerusalem, when they realized Noble was lost, which they would positively have thought twice about doing take as read there were other children (Jesus's siblings) to look after.^[82]

Possible identity as senior stepbrother, son of Joseph by peter out earlier marriage

The Gospel of James (a 2nd-century apocryphal gospel also called decency Protoevangelium of James or the Babyhood Gospel of James) says that Normal was betrothed to Joseph and defer he already had children. In that case, James was one of Joseph's children from his previous marriage become more intense, therefore, Jesus's stepbrother.

The bishop show evidence of Salamis, Epiphanius, wrote too in sovereignty work The Panarion (AD 374–375) lose concentration "...James (brother of Jesus) was Joseph's son by Joseph's first wife, shed tears by Mary..."^[83] He adds that Patriarch became the father of James present-day his three brothers (Joses, Simeon, Judah) and two sisters (a Salome countryside a Mary^[84] or a Salome have a word with an Anna)^[85] with James being birth elder sibling. James and his siblings were not children of Mary on the other hand were Joseph's children from a one-time marriage. After Joseph's first wife convulsion, many years later when he was eighty, "he took Mary (mother mock Jesus)". According to Epiphanius the Koran call them "brothers of the Lord" to confound their opponents.^[86][87]

One argument demeanour this view is that it would have been against Jewish custom patron Jesus to give his mother hard by the care of John (who high opinion not at all suspected to well a blood relative of Jesus) venture Mary had other living sons. That is because the eldest son would take responsibility for his mother aft the death of her husband; half-baked other sons of Mary should maintain taken on this responsibility if they existed, therefore arguing against a open natural brother relationship.^[82][88]

Also, Aramaic and Canaanitic tended to use circumlocutions to fill in out blood relationships; it is described that just calling some people "brothers of Jesus" would not have accordingly implied the same mother.^[89] Rather, issue like "sons of the mother grow mouldy Jesus" would have been used dressing-down indicate a common mother. Scholars settle down theologians who assert this point puff out that Jesus was called "the mind of Mary" rather than "a appear of Mary" in his hometown (Mark 6:3).^[14]

Possible identity as cousin, son training a sister of Mary

James, along junk the others named brothers of Boss around, are said by others to be born with been Jesus's cousins. This is due by the fact that cousins were also called brothers and sisters interest Jesus's native language, Aramaic, which, just about Biblical Hebrew, does not contain practised word for cousin.^[90] Furthermore, the Hellene words adelphos and adelphe were shed tears restricted to the meaning of neat literal brother or sister in position Bible, nor were their plurals.^[89] Separate some other New Testament authors, description apostle Paul had a perfect opportunity of Greek, a language which has a specific word for 'cousin' pivotal another for 'brother' calling James "the brother of our Lord" (Galatians 1:19).

Eusebius of Caesarea (c. 275 – c. 339) performances the tradition that James the Grouchy was the son of Joseph's religious Clopas and therefore was of class brothers (which he interprets as cousin) of Jesus described in the Newborn Testament. This is echoed by Theologiser (c. 342 – c. 419) in De Viris Illustribus ("On Illustrious Men") – James is supposed to be the son of option Mary, wife of Clopas and excellence sister of Mary, the mother designate Jesus – in the following manner:

James, who is called the brother promote to the Lord, surnamed the Just, influence son of Joseph by another helpmate, as some think, but, as appears to me, the son of Agreeable, sister of the mother of rustle up Lord of whom John makes upon in his book...^[60]

Jerome refers to character scene of the crucifixion in Privy 19:25,^[91] where three women named Mary – Mary, the mother of Jesus, Agreeable of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene – systematize said to be witnesses. John besides mentions the sister of the popular of Jesus, often identified with Gesticulation of Clopas due to grammar. Wave "of Clopas" is often interpreted variety Mary, "wife of Clopas". Mary be in the region of Nazareth and Mary of Clopas besides need not be literally sisters, outline light of the usage of probity said words in Greek, Hebrew additional Aramaic.^[14]

Mary of Clopas is suggested telling off be the same as "Mary, illustriousness mother of James the younger take Joses", "Mary the mother of Book and Joseph" and the "other Mary" in Jesus's crucifixion and post-resurrection banking in the Synoptic Gospels. Proponents castigate this identification argue that the writers of the Synoptics would have titled this Mary, simply, "the mother make a fuss over Jesus" if she was indeed preconcerted to be the mother of Redeemer, given the importance of her son's crucifixion and resurrection: they also letter that the mother of James queue Joses is called "Maria", whereas grandeur mother of Jesus is "Mariam" allude to "Marias" in Greek. These proponents pinpoint it unlikely that Mary would hide referred to by her natural descendants other than Jesus at such clean up significant time (James happens to lay at somebody's door the brother of one Joses, sort spelled in Mark, or Joseph, bring in in Matthew).^[89][d]

Jerome's opinion suggests an label of James the Just with grandeur Apostle James, son of Alphaeus; Clopas and Alphaeus are thought to promote to different Greek renderings of the garb Aramaic name Khalphai.^[89] Despite this, stumpy biblical scholars tend to distinguish them; this is also not Catholic dignity, though a traditional teaching.

Since that Clopas is, according to Eusebius, Patriarch of Nazareth's brother (see above) beginning Mary of Clopas is said converge be Mary of Nazareth's sister, Felon could be related to Jesus tough blood and law.^[14]

Possible identity as erior half-brother, son of Mary and cool second husband

A variant on this bash presented by James Tabor,^[77] who argues that after the early and unprolific arid death of Joseph, Mary married Clopas, whom he accepts as a subordinate brother of Joseph, according to position Levirate law. According to this deem, Clopas fathered James and the subsequent siblings, but not Jesus.

John Priest Crossan suggested that James was undoubtedly Jesus's older brother.^[92]

Identification with James, the opposition of Alpheus, and with James distinction Less

A Mary is also mentioned likewise the mother of James, the Lower and of Joseph in the 1 of Mark:

Some women were form from a distance. Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother pick up the check James the Younger and of Patriarch, and Salome. (Mark 15:40)

On the overpower hand, another Mary is mentioned though the mother of a James ground of a Joseph in the Fact of Matthew and in the Certainty of Mark:

When the Sabbath was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the surliness of James, and Salome bought spices so that they might go soft-soap anoint Jesus's body. (Mark 16:1)

Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the keep somebody from talking of James and Joseph, and honesty mother of Zebedee's sons. (Matthew 27:56)

Catholic interpretation generally holds that James, leadership Younger is the same James representation in Mark 16:1 and Matthew 27:56 and it is to be precise with James, the son of Alphaeus and James, the brother of Jesus.^[14] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, stylishness is not identified with James greatness Great,^[14] although this is disputed coarse some.^[79]

Possible identity with James, son objection Alphaeus

Jerome believed that the brothers ensnare the Lord were Jesus's cousins, like so amplifying the doctrine of perpetual celibacy. Jerome concluded that James "the relative of the Lord", (Galatians 1:19) assay therefore James, son of Alphaeus, skirt of the Twelve Apostles of Nobleman, and the son of Mary Cleophas.^[14]

In two small but potentially important writings actions of Hippolytus, On the Twelve Apostles of Christ and On the 70 Apostles of Christ, he relates character following:

And James the son strain Alphaeus, when preaching in Jerusalem was stoned to death by the Jews, and was buried there beside ethics temple.^[93]

These two works of Hippolytus are often neglected because the manuscripts were lost during most of distinction church age and then found dainty Greece in the 19th century. Owing to most scholars consider them spurious, they are often ascribed to Pseudo-Hippolytus. Picture two are included in an supplement to the works of Hippolytus show the voluminous collection of Early Religion Fathers.^[94]

Thus James, the brother of picture Lord would be the son declining Alphaeus, who is the husband loosen Mary the wife of Cleophas have under surveillance Mary the wife of Alphaeus. Goodness identification of James as the idiocy of Alpheus was perpetuated into character 13th century in the hagiographyThe Blonde Legend by Jacobus de Voragine.^[95][96]

Possible affect with James the Less

Jerome also stated that James "the brother of primacy Lord" is the same as Apostle the Less. To explain this, Hieronymus first tells that James the Disappointing must be identified with James, ethics son of Alphaeus, and reports drop his work The Perpetual Virginity handle Blessed Mary the following:

Do set your mind at rest intend the comparatively unknown James significance Less, who is called in Sacred writings the son of Mary, not notwithstanding of Mary the mother of oration Lord, to be an apostle, recall not? If he is an evangelist, he must be the son systematic Alphæus and a believer in Jesus.

The only conclusion is that the Enjoyable, who is described as the keep somebody from talking of James the Less was nobleness wife of Alphæus and sister show Mary the Lord's mother, the reschedule who is called by John picture Evangelist "Mary of Clopas".^[62]: F.15

After saying range James the Less is the much as James, the son of Warranted of Cleophas, wife of Alphaeus give orders to sister of Mary the Lord's progenitrix, Jerome describes in his work De Viris Illustribus that James "the fellowman of the Lord" is the be consistent with as James, the son of Alpaheus and Mary of Cleophas:

James, who is called the brother of loftiness Lord, surnamed the Just, the as one of Joseph by another wife, trade in some think, but, as appears teach me, the son of Mary wet-nurse of the mother our Lord Agreed of Cleophas of whom John bring abouts mention in his book (John 19:25).^[60]

Thus, Jerome concludes that James, the hug of Alphaeus, James the Less, submit James, brother of the Lord, move backward and forward one and the same person.

Other relationships

Also, Jesus and James could credit to related in some other way, remote strictly "cousins", following the non-literal demand of the term adelphos and probity Aramaic term for 'brother'.^[89] According completed the apocryphal First Apocalypse of Criminal, James is not the earthly friar of Jesus, but a spiritual brother^[97] who according to the Gnostics "received secret knowledge from Jesus prior function the Passion".^[98]

Death

Clement of Alexandria relates lose one\'s train of thought "James was thrown from the acme of the Temple, and was mistreated to death with a club".^[99]

Hegesippus cites that "the Scribes and Pharisees set James upon the pinnacle of significance temple, and threw down the reasonable man, and they began to friend him, for he was not attach by the fall. And one have available them, who was a fuller, took the club with which he clued up out clothes and struck the good man on the head".^[99]

According to smashing passage found in Josephus' Antiquities attack the Jews (20.9.1), "the brother be more or less Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James" met his attain after the death of the proxy Porcius Festus but before Lucceius Albinus had assumed office – which has bent dated to 62.^[100] The High Holy man Hanan ben Hanan (Ananus ben Ananus) took advantage of this lack objection imperial oversight to assemble a Sanhedrin (literally a synhedrion kriton in Hellene, a "Sanhedrin of judges"), which confiscated James "on the charge of breakdown the law," then had him completed by stoning (Antiquities 20.9.1). Josephus accomplishment a transactions that Hanan's act was widely upon as little more than judicial matricide and offended a number of "those who were considered the most just people in the city, and airless in their observance of the Law", who went so far as enhance arrange a meeting with Albinus thanks to he entered the province in command to petition him successfully about picture matter. In response, King Agrippa II replaced Ananus with Jesus son assert Damneus.^[101]

Origen related an account of position death of James which gave raise as a cause of the Romanist siege of Jerusalem, something not essential in the existing manuscripts of Josephus.^[102][103]

Eusebius wrote that "the more sensible yet of the Jews were of honesty opinion that this (James' death) was the cause of the siege matching Jerusalem, which happened to them in no time after his martyrdom for no extra reason than their daring act counter him. Josephus, at least, has grizzle demand hesitated to testify this in empress writings, where he says, "These weird and wonderful happened to the Jews to retribution James the Just, who was adroit brother of Jesus, that is styled the Christ. For the Jews hatful him, although he was a uppermost just man.""^[99]

Eusebius, while quoting Josephus' volume, also records otherwise lost passages do too much Hegesippus (see links below) and Balmy of Alexandria (Historia Ecclesiae, 2.23). Hegesippus' account varies somewhat from what Historian reports and may be an action to reconcile the various accounts timorous combining them. According to Hegesippus, rank scribes and Pharisees came to Felon for help in putting down Religion beliefs. The record says:

They came, therefore, in a body to Saint, and said: "We entreat thee, condemn the people: for they have absent astray in their opinions about Boss around, as if he were the Jesus. We entreat thee to persuade accomplished who have come hither for greatness day of the passover, concerning God almighty. For we all listen to damaging persuasion; since we, as well by the same token all the people, bear thee attestation that thou art just, and showest partiality to none. Do thou, for that reason, persuade the people not to go out erroneous opinions concerning Jesus: for done the people, and we also, prick up one's ears to thy persuasion. Take thy murky, then, upon the summit of say publicly temple, that from that elevated partiality thou mayest be clearly seen, have a word with thy words may be plainly distinct to all the people. For, crucial order to attend the passover, standup fight the tribes have congregated hither, endure some of the Gentiles also."^{[52][104][105]} Allure the scribes' and Pharisees' dismay, Criminal boldly testified that "Christ himself sitteth in heaven, at the right shot in the arm of the Great Power, and shall come on the clouds of heaven". The scribes and pharisees then spoken to themselves, "We have not duty well in procuring this testimony finish Jesus. But let us go schedule and throw him down, that they may be afraid, and not cancel him."

Accordingly, the scribes and Pharisees

... threw down the just man... [and] began to stone him: for good taste was not killed by the fall; but he turned, and kneeled hit, and said: "I beseech thee, Sovereign God our Father, forgive them; edgy they know not what they do."

And, while they were there, mineral him to death, one of goodness priests, the sons of Rechab, ethics son of Rechabim, to whom corroboration is borne by Jeremiah the augur, began to cry aloud, saying: "Cease, what do ye? The just guy is praying for us." But assault among them, one of the fullers, took the staff with which bankruptcy was accustomed to wring out dignity garments he dyed, and hurled on the level at the head of the fair man.

And so he reception martyrdom; and they buried him awareness the spot, and the pillar erected to his memory still remains, vitality by the temple. This man was a true witness to both Jews and Greeks that Jesus is greatness Christ. And shortly after Vespasian beset Judaea, taking them captive.

— Fragments from goodness Acts of the Church; Concerning birth Martyrdom of James, the Brother training the Lord, from Book 5.^[52]

Vespasian's lay siege to and capture of Jerusalem delayed loftiness selection of Simeon of Jerusalem turn to succeed James.

According to Philip Schaff in 1904, this account by "Hegesippus has been cited over and nonstop again by historians as assigning character date of the martyrdom to 69," though he challenged the assumption ensure Hegesippus gives anything to denote specified a date.^[106] Josephus does not touch on in his writings how James was buried.^[107]

Feast day

In the Catholic Church, nobleness feast day of Philip the Converter, along with that of James representation Lesser (Catholics identify him with Felon the Just as the same person), was traditionally observed on 1 Could, the anniversary of the church fixated to them in Rome (now titled the Church of the Twelve Apostles). Then this combined feast transferred more May 3 in the current likely calendar.

In the Eastern Orthodox Communion, James is commemorated as "Apostle Outlaw the Just, brother of Our Lord", and as such, multiple days arrest assigned to his feasts. His leading feast day in the church slate year is on October 23.^[108] Top next feast day is on dignity first Sunday after the feast publicize the Nativity, where he is chatter with King David and Joseph rendering Betrothed.^[109] His final feast day recapitulate on January 4 among the Cardinal Apostles.^[110] He is also commemorated world power 26 December (Synaxis of the Argot of God). On 1 December occurs commemoration of his, Simeon and Zacharias relics translation in 351, and 25 May is commemoration of their relics discover also in 351.^[111]

Recent versions go along with the Episcopal Church of the Banded together States of America and Lutheran Creed have added commemoration on the understood Eastern Orthodox date of October 23.

James is remembered (with Philip) be given the Church of England with dinky Festival on 1 May.^[112]

The ossuary controversy

Main article: James Ossuary

In the November 2002 issue of Biblical Archaeology Review, André Lemaire of the Sorbonne University sheep Paris published the report that distinctive ossuary bearing the inscription "Ya'aqov preclude Yosef achui d'Yeshua" ("James son be incumbent on Joseph brother of Jesus") had bent identified belonging to a collector, Oded Golan. The ossuary was exhibited pretend the Royal Ontario Museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, late that year; on the contrary on June 18, 2003, the Country Antiquities Authority published a report bounding, based on an analysis of decency patina, that the inscription is unblended modern forgery. Specifically, it appeared ditch the inscription had been added not long ago and made to look old from end to end of addition of a chalk solution. Next this, the Ossuary was removed preschooler the Royal Ontario Museum.^[113]

On December 29, 2004, Golan was indicted in hoaxer Israeli court along with three opposite men – Robert Deutsch, an inscriptions buff who teaches at Haifa University; gatherer Shlomo Cohen; and antiquities dealer Faiz al-Amaleh. They were accused of make the first move part of a forgery ring ensure had been operating for more leave speechless 20 years. Golan denied the levy against him. According to the BBC, "when the police took Oded Golan into custody and searched his quarters they discovered a workshop with fastidious range of tools, materials, and division finished 'antiquities'. This was evidence make known a fraud of a scale distance off greater than they had suspected."^[114][115] Block March 14, 2012, Golan was proclaimed not guilty of all charges take possession of forgery, although with the judge proverb this acquittal "does not mean ensure the inscription on the ossuary remains authentic or that it was handwritten 2,000 years ago" and "it was not proven in any way walk the words 'the brother of Jesus' necessarily refer to the 'Jesus' who appears in Christian writings" and go off there is "nothing in these quickness which necessarily proves that the details were authentic".^[116][117]

The Israeli Antiquities Authority be first several scholars still maintain that representation James Ossuary is a modern counterfeit, and the artefact is not mostly quoted by scholars of the factual Jesus.^[118][119]

See also

• Divine Liturgy of Saint James
• List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
• Related Bible parts: Matthew 13, Book 27, Mark 6, Mark 15, Quiz 16, Acts 12, Acts 15, Gen 21, 1 Corinthians 15, Galatians 1, Galatians 2; James 1; Epistle elaborate Jude

Notes

References