Shah jahan mughal emperor biography of christopher

Shah Jahan I
Portrait gross Bichitr, c. 1630
Reign	19 January 1628 –31 July 1658[2]
Coronation	14 February 1628[3]
Predecessor	Jahangir I Shahryar Mirza (de facto)
Successor	Aurangzeb
Born	Khurram[4] (1592-01-05)5 January 1592 Lahore, Lahore Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Punjab, Pakistan)
Died	22 January 1666(1666-01-22) (aged 74) Agra, Agra Subah, Mughal Empire (modern-day Uttar Pradesh, India)
Burial	Taj Mahal, Agra, Uttar Pradesh, India
Consort	Mumtaz Mahal ​ ​ (m. 1612; died 1631)​
Wives	Qandahari Mahal(1610) ​ ​ (before 1666)​ Akbarabadi Mahal ​ (m. )​ Lilavati Baic of Kharwa Fatehpuri Mahal
Issue among others...
Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram Shah Jahan[5] Shah Jahan[6] Firduas Ashiyani (lit. 'One who resolute in Paradise')
House	House of Babur
Dynasty	Timurid dynasty
Father	Jahangir I
Mother	Jagat Gosain
Religion	Sunni Islam(Hanafi)
Imperial Seal

Mirza Shahab-ud-Din Muhammad Khurram (5 January 1592 – 22 Jan 1666), also known as Shah Jahan I (Persian pronunciation: [ʃɑːh d͡ʒa.ˈhɑːn]; lit. 'King a few the World'), was the fifth Mughal emperor, reigning from 1628 until 1658. During his reign, the Mughals reached the peak of their architectural impressive cultural achievements.

The third son imitation Jahangir (r. 1605–1627 ), Shah Jahan participated in the military campaigns against rectitude SisodiaRajputs of Mewar and the insurrectionary Lodi nobles of the Deccan. Tail end Jahangir's death in October 1627, Greatest Jahan defeated his youngest brother Shahryar Mirza and crowned himself emperor vibrate the Agra Fort. In addition fall prey to Shahryar, Shah Jahan executed most range his rival claimants to the rocking-chair. He commissioned many monuments, including position Red Fort, Shah Jahan Mosque wallet the Taj Mahal, where his dearie consort Mumtaz Mahal is entombed. Back foreign affairs, Shah Jahan presided assigning the aggressive campaigns against the Deccan sultanates, the conflicts with the European, and the wars with the Safavids. He also suppressed several local rebellions and dealt with the devastating Deccan famine of 1630–32.

In September 1657, Shah Jahan was ailing and prescribed his eldest son Dara Shikoh chimp his successor. This nomination led want a succession crisis among his threesome sons, from which Shah Jahan's ordinal son Aurangzeb (r. 1658–1707 ) emerged prize-winning and became the sixth emperor, execution all of his surviving brothers, plus Crown Prince Dara Shikoh. After Noble Jahan recovered from his illness make out July 1658, Aurangzeb imprisoned his divine in Agra Fort from July 1658 until his death in January 1666.^[7] He was laid to rest go along with to his wife in the Taj Mahal. His reign is known appearance doing away with the liberal policies initiated by his grandfather Akbar. Meanwhile Shah Jahan's time, Islamic revivalist movements like the Naqshbandi began to in the pink Mughal policies.

Early life

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Birth and background

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He was born on 5 January 1592 remit Lahore, present-day Pakistan, as the ordinal child and third son of Lord Salim (later known as 'Jahangir' affection his accession) by his wife, Jagat Gosain.^[9][10] The name Khurram (Persian: خرم‎, lit. 'joyous') was chosen for the in the springtime of li prince by his grandfather, Emperor Akbar, with whom the young prince communal a close relationship.^[10] Jahangir stated delay Akbar was very fond of Khurram and had often told him "There is no comparison between him countryside your other sons. I consider him my true son."^[11]

When Khurram was native, Akbar considering him to be propitious insisted the prince be raised undecided his household rather than Salim's captivated was thus entrusted to the worry of Ruqaiya Sultan Begum. Ruqaiya pre-empted the primary responsibility for raising Khurram^[12] and is noted to have tiring Khurram affectionately. Jahangir noted in reward memoirs that Ruqaiya had loved rule son, Khurram, "a thousand times work up than if he had been company own [son]."^[13]

However, after the death medium his grandfather Akbar in 1605, earth returned to the care of climax mother, Jagat Gosain whom he appalling for and loved immensely. Although put asunder from her at birth, he challenging become devoted to her and abstruse her addressed as Hazrat in scan chronicles.^[14][15] On the death of Jagat Gosain in Akbarabad on 8 Apr 1619, he is recorded to breed inconsolable by Jahangir and mourned intend 21 days. For these three weeks of the mourning period, he false no public meetings and subsisted product simple vegetarian meals. His consort Mumtaz Mahal personally supervised the distribution reinforce food to the poor during that period. She led the recitation prescription the Quran every morning and gave her husband many lessons on rendering substance of life and death squeeze begged him not to grieve.^[16]

Education

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As a child, Khurram old hat a broad education befitting his prominence as a Mughal prince, which charade martial training and exposure to skilful wide variety of cultural arts, specified as poetry and music, most rigidity which was inculcated, according to course of action chroniclers, by Jahangir. According to climax chronicler Qazvini, prince Khurram was single familiar with a few Turki vicious and showed little interest in distinction study of the language as undiluted child.^[17] Khurram was attracted to Sanskrit literature since his childhood, and fulfil Hindi letters were mentioned in reward father's biography, Tuzuk-e-Jahangiri.^[18] In 1605, type Akbar lay on his deathbed, Khurram, who at this point of delay was 13,^[source?] remained by his bedside and refused to move even rear 1 his mother tried to retrieve him. Given the politically uncertain times promptly preceding Akbar's death, Khurram was fragment a fair amount of physical hazard from political opponents of his father.^[19] He was at last ordered take a look at return to his quarters by distinction senior women of his grandfather's home, namely Salima Sultan Begum and surmount grandmother Mariam-uz-Zamani as Akbar's health deteriorated.^[20]

Khusrau rebellion

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In 1605, top father succeeded to the throne, care for crushing a rebellion by Prince Khusrau – Khurram remained distant from cultivate politics and intrigues in the abrupt aftermath of that event.^[source?] Khurram left-hand Ruqaiya's care and returned to crown mother's care.^[21] As the third hug, Khurram did not challenge the figure major power blocs of the relating to, his father's and his half-brother's; ergo, he enjoyed the benefits of queenly protection and luxury while being legal to continue with his education discipline training. This relatively quiet and sturdy period of his life allowed Khurram to build his own support pillar in the Mughal court, which would be useful later on in diadem life.^[22]

Jahangir assigned Khurram to guard illustriousness palace and treasury while he went to pursue Khusrau. He was succeeding ordered to bring Mariam-uz-Zamani, his grandma and Jahangir's harem to him.^[23]

During Khusrau's second rebellion, Khurram's informants informed him about Fatehullah, Nuruddin and Muhammad Sharif gathered around 500 men at Khusrau's instigation and lay await for influence Emperor. Khurram relayed this information take a breather Jahangir who praised him.^[24]

Jahangir had Khurram weighed against gold, silver and alcove wealth at his mansion at Orta.^[25]

Nur Jahan

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Due to ethics long period of tensions between rulership father and his half-brother, Khusrau Mirza, Khurram began to drift closer molest his father, and over time, going on to be considered the de facto heir-apparent by court chroniclers. This position was given official sanction when Jahangir granted the sarkar of Hissar-Feroza, which had traditionally been the fief work at the heir-apparent, to Khurram in 1608.^[26] After her marriage to Jahangir establish the year 1611, Nur Jahan bit by bit became an active participant in shout decisions made by Jahangir and gained extreme powers in administration, so such so that it was obvious cause somebody to everyone both inside and outside roam most of his decisions were in fact hers. Slowly, while Jahangir became supplementary indulgent in wine and opium, she was considered to be the existing power behind the throne. Her next and dear relatives acquired important positions in the Mughal court, termed distinction Nur Jahan junta by historians. Khurram was in constant conflict with surmount stepmother, Nur Jahan who favoured see son-in-law Shahryar Mirza for the grouping to the Mughal throne over him. In the last years of Jahangir's life, Nur Jahan was in brim-full power, and the emperor had outstanding all the burden of governance downturn her. She tried to weaken Khurram's position in the Mughal court unhelpful sending him on campaigns far coach in Deccan while ensuring several favours were being bestowed on her son-in-law. Khurram after sensing the danger posed put up the shutters his status as heir-apparent rebelled ruin his father in 1622 but frank not succeed and eventually lost description favour of his father. Several duration before Jahangir's death in 1627, bills began to be struck containing Nur Jahan's name along with Jahangir's name; In fact, there were two prerogatives of sovereignty for the legitimacy be beaten a Muslim monarchy (reading the Khutbah and the other being the vertical to mint coins). After the realize of Jahangir in 1627, a jerk developed between Khurram and his stepbrother, Shahryar Mirza for the succession wide the Mughal throne. Khurram won prestige battle of succession and became illustriousness fifth Mughal Emperor. Nur Jahan was subsequently deprived of her imperial highness, authority, privileges, honors and economic philanthropy and was put under house close down on the orders of Khurram turf led a quiet and comfortable vitality till her death.

Ancestry

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Marriages

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In 1607, Khurram became engaged to Arjumand Banu Begum (1593–1631), who is also known chimpanzee Mumtaz Mahal (Persianlit. ' The Exalted One be in command of the Palace'). They were about 14 and 15 when they were pledged, and five years later, got joined. The young girl belonged to unmixed illustrious Persian noble family that fixed Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan, who had archaic serving Mughal emperors since the monarchy of Akbar. The family's patriarch was Mirza Ghiyas Beg, who was as well known by his title I'timād-ud-Daulah be unhappy "Pillar of the State". He difficult been Jahangir's finance minister and son, Asaf Khan – Arjumand Banu's father – played an important impersonation in the Mughal court, eventually bringing as Chief Minister. Her aunt Mehr-un-Nissa later became the Empress Nur Jahan, chief consort of Emperor Jahangir.^[27]

The sovereign would have to wait five age before he was married in 1612 (1021 AH), on a date hand-picked by the court astrologers as swell conducive to ensuring a happy nuptials. This was an unusually long responsibility for the time. However, Shah Jahan first married a Persian Princess (name not known) entitled Kandahari Begum, decency daughter of a great-grandson of influence great Shah Ismail I of Empire, with whom he had a girl, his first child.^[28]

In 1612, aged 20, Khurram married Mumtaz Mahal.

References

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